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研究生: 簡于傑
Chien, Yu-Chieh
論文名稱: 添加混合磷酸鹽羊乳以試驗型管式UHT殺菌機進行滅菌處理之可行性評估
Evaluation of producing sterilized phosphate salt-added goat milk with a lab-scale tubular UHT pilot plant
指導教授: 林美貞
Lin, Mei-Jen
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 農學院 - 動物科學與畜產系所
Department of Animal Science
畢業學年度: 107
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 94
中文關鍵詞: 試驗型管式UHT殺菌機混合磷酸鈉滅菌羊乳
外文關鍵詞: Blend of sodium phosphate, Sterilization goat milk, UHT pilot
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST201900215
相關次數: 點閱:13下載:0
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  • 台灣夏季常有剩餘羊乳,需進行滅菌處理提升其保存期限。羊乳游離鈣含量高於牛乳,使其熱安定性較牛乳差,而添加磷酸鹽於羊乳中可降低游離鈣含量,並提升酒精安定性及熱安定性。本研究主要目的為於生羊乳添加混合磷酸鈉(blend of sodium phosphate, Na)提升安定性後,以小型試驗型管式UHT殺菌機滅菌,探討未來生產常溫保存UHT滅菌羊乳之可行性,並了解儲存期間品質、安定性及感官品評之變化,以解決台灣夏季剩餘羊乳問題。本研究之阿爾拜因(Alpine)生羊乳來源為屏東縣長治鄉某阿爾拜因乳羊場。試驗一為探討阿爾拜因生羊乳添加0.05至0.08 %之混合磷酸鈉(Na)後,以高壓滅菌釜(autoclave)模擬超高溫瞬間滅菌(ultra-high temperature, UHT, 135℃ 15 sec)條件處理,對其理化性質及安定性之影響,探討最安定混合磷酸鈉(Na)添加量,以利後續以試驗型管式UHT殺菌機加工進行。試驗二為探討阿爾拜因生羊乳添加0.08 %之混合磷酸鈉(Na)後,分別以UHT(135℃, 15 sec)、autoclave(121℃, 15 min)及以超高壓(high pressure processing, HPP)於 25℃ 400 MPa分別加壓 5及25分鐘,探討長期儲存於冷藏及常溫環境中對滅菌羊乳之品質、安定性及感官品評之影響。試驗一結果顯示,以添加0.08 %於阿爾拜因生羊乳為最適合進行試驗用管式UHT殺菌機。試驗二結果顯示,以UHT及autoclave可到滅菌程度,而HPP仍不足以達到滅菌程度;UHT處理組於不同溫度儲存56天,其滴定酸度(TA)及色澤皆較autoclave變化程度小;酒精安定性、沈澱物比例及擴散穩定分析指數(Turbiscan Stability Index, TSI)結果顯示,於冷藏及常溫儲存期間UHT及autoclave處理組安定性良好;差異性品評結果顯示以UHT處理組整體評分與市售羊乳最為相近且羊羶味較市售羊乳低。綜合上述,於生羊乳添加0.08 % 混合磷酸鈉(Na)以試驗型管式UHT殺菌機滅菌,從品質、安定性分析及感官品評顯示以UHT滅菌羊乳於儲存期間其品質及安定性穩定,且感官品評與鮮羊乳相近,評估未來可以於生羊乳添加0.08 % 混合磷酸鈉(Na)進行UHT(135℃, 15 sec)之條件為依據,發展常溫保存UHT滅菌羊乳,解決台灣夏季剩餘羊乳問題。

    Taiwan usually has excess goat milk in summer. Goat milk can be steri-lized to enhance shelf life. Low content of αS1- casein and high calcium ion content of goat milk causes goat milk to have poor thermal stability. Adding phosphate can improve thermal stability of goat milk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate of producing sterilized phosphate salt-added goat milk with a lab-scale tubular UHT pilot plant.Experiment 1 investigated the effect of adding 0.05- 0.08 % blend of sodium phosphate (Na; Na0.05- Na0.08) after autoclave-imitating UHT (135℃, 15 sec) sterilization on the quality and stability of Alpine raw goat milk. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of with/without adding 0.08 % blend of sodium phosphate (Na) after ultra-high temperature (UHT, 135℃,15 sec; UNa0.08), autoclave (121℃, 15 min; ANa0.08) and high-pressure processing (HPP, 25℃, 400 MPa, 5 or 25 min; H5, H5Na0.08, H25, H25Na0.08) on the quality and stability of Alpine raw goat milk.Results of experiment 1 showed Na0.08 was the best for experiment 2 in this study. Experiment 2 results showed UHT and autoclave treatments were sterilized, but HPP treatments was not. UNa0.08 goat milk had the minimum TA, color, changes during 4 and 25℃ storage for 56 days. Ethanol stability, sediment content and Turbiscan stability index (TSI) results showed that UNa0.08 had good stability for 56 days. Sensory evaluation results showed that sweet, salty, color and smooth of UNa0.08 were similar to fresh goat milk.To sum up, goat milk with addition of 0.08 % blend of sodium phosphate (Na) sterilized with UHT pilot showed similar quality to fresh goat milk and was stable during cold and room temperature storage. Furthermore, sterilized UHT (135℃, 15 sec) 0.08 % Na-added goat milk has the potential to solve the problem of excess summer goat milk in Taiwan.

    目錄

    摘要 I
    Abstract III
    謝誌 V
    目錄 VI
    圖表目錄 X
    壹、 前言 1
    貳、 文獻回顧 2
    一、 乳之成分組成 2
    (一) 脂肪 2
    (二) 蛋白質 2
    1. 酪蛋白 3
    2. 乳清蛋白 3
    (三) 碳水化合物 4
    (四) 無機質 4
    (五) 維生素 4
    二、 乳製品之加工 5
    (一) 乳之熱加工 5
    1. 低溫長時間殺菌法( low-temperature long-time, L.T.L.T) 6
    2. 高溫瞬間殺菌法(high-temperature short-time, H.T.S.T) 6
    3. 超高溫瞬間滅菌(ultra-high temperature sterilization, UHT) 6
    4. 瓶裝滅菌(in bottle sterilization) 6
    (二) 乳之非熱加工 10
    1. 超高壓處理(high pressure processing, HPP) 10
    三、 乳製品熱加工及非熱加工之殺滅菌程度 12
    (三) 乳製品經熱加工之殺菌程度之探討 12
    (四) 乳製品經超高壓處理之殺菌程度之探討 12
    1. 超高壓處理對乳中金黃色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)之影響 13
    2. 超高壓處理對乳中李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)之影響 13
    四、 乳製品經熱加工之理化性狀及安定性 22
    (一) 酒精安定性 22
    1. 牛乳與羊乳酒精安定性之差異 22
    2. 添加安定劑對乳之酒精安定性之影響 23
    3. 不同高壓與pH值對酒精安定性之影響 23
    4. 乳製品經超高壓處理組儲存期間酒精安定性之變化 23
    (二) 乳製品經熱加工之色澤變化 27
    參、 實驗目的 30
    肆、 材料與方法 31
    一、 試驗材料 31
    (一) 乳樣來源 31
    (二) 試驗藥劑 31
    1. 檢測用藥劑 31
    2. 樣品添加劑 32
    二、 試驗方法 33
    (一) 試驗一:以高壓滅菌釜(autoclave)模擬UHT(135 ℃, 15 sec) 滅菌條件,檢測阿爾拜因生羊乳添加0.05-0.08 %混合磷酸鈉(Na) 對其理化性質及安定性之影響。 33
    1. 試驗設計 33
    2. 乳樣品前處理 33
    (二) 試驗二: 添加0.08 %混合磷酸鈉(Na)之阿爾拜因生羊乳中經UHT(135℃, 15 sec) 、高壓滅菌釜 (autoclave, 121℃, 15 min) 及超高壓處理(HPP, 25℃, 400 MPa, 5 or 25 min) 進行滅(殺)菌,並儲存於4℃及 25℃環境對其品質及安定性之影響。 35
    1. 試驗設計 35
    2. 乳樣品前處理 35
    (三) 試驗項目 37
    1. 乳成分分析(Milk compositions) 37
    2. pH值 37
    3. 滴定酸度(Titratable acidity) 37
    4. CIELAB色澤分析(Commission Internationale d'Eclairage L*a*b*) 37
    5. 酒精安定性 (Ethanol stability, ES) 38
    6. 沉澱物測試(Sediment analysis, SA) 38
    7. 擴散穩定性分析指數(Turbiscan stability index, TSI) 38
    (1) 擴散穩定性分析儀檢測原理 38
    (2) 擴散穩定性分析儀分析方法 39
    (3) 擴散穩定性分析指數值換算 40
    8. 感官品評 43
    9. 統計分析 43
    伍、 結果與討論 44
    一、 試驗一:以AUTOCLAVE(135 ℃, 15 SEC)測試添加0.05-0.08 % 混合磷酸鈉(NA)之阿爾拜因生羊乳品質及安定性 44
    (一) 阿爾拜因生羊乳之乳成分及理化特性分析 44
    (二) 阿爾拜因生羊乳添加不同比例混合磷酸鈉(Na) 經高壓滅菌釜(autoclave) 模擬UHT(135℃, 15 sec) 條件處理前後之品質及安定性分析 45
    二、 試驗二:添加0.08 %混合磷酸鈉(NA)之阿爾拜因(ALPINE)生羊乳,經UHT(135 ℃, 15 SEC)、AUTOCLAVE(121℃, 15 MIN) 及HPP(25℃, 400 MPA 5 & 25 MIN)後,於4及25℃ 儲存期間品質及安定性變化。 52
    (一) 阿爾拜因生羊乳添加0.08 %混合磷酸鈉(Na) 經autoclave 、UHT及HPP條件處理前後之總生菌數(TBC) 分析 52
    (二) 阿爾拜因生羊乳添加0.08 %混合磷酸鈉(Na) 經UHT、autoclave及HPP處理後之理化分析 53
    1. pH值 53
    (1) 生羊乳處理後之pH值變化 53
    (2) UHT及高壓滅菌釜處理組儲存56天之pH值變化 53
    2. 滴定酸度(TA) 54
    (1) 生羊乳處理後之滴定酸度變化 54
    (2) UHT及autoclave處理組儲存56天之滴定酸度變化 54
    3. 色澤變化 55
    (1) 生羊乳處理後之色澤變化 55
    (2) UHT及autoclave處理組儲存56天之色澤變化 56
    (三) 阿爾拜因生羊乳添加0.08 %混合磷酸鈉(Na)經autoclave、UHT及HPP條件處理後之安定性分析 66
    1. 酒精安定性 66
    (1) 生羊乳經處理後之酒精安定性(ES)變化 66
    (2) UHT及autoclave處理組儲存56天之酒精安定性變化 66
    2. 沉澱物分析 67
    (1) 生羊乳經處理後之沉澱物含量變化 67
    (2) UHT及autoclave處理組儲存56天之沉澱物含量變化 67
    3. 擴散穩定性分析 72
    (1) 以擴散穩定性分析儀原始圖譜探討不同處理條件對羊乳安定性之影響 72
    (2) 生羊乳經處理後之擴散穩定性指數(TSI)變化 77
    (3) UHT及autoclave處理組儲存56天之擴散穩定性指數(TSI)變化 77
    (四) 阿爾拜因生羊乳添加0.08 %混合磷酸鈉(Na) 經autoclave 及UHT加工後之差異性品評 81
    陸、 結論 83
    柒、 參考文獻 84
    附錄 91
    作者簡介 94

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