過去數十年間，為了滿足消防安全上的需求，因為多溴二苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)可阻止燃燒之特性，將其大量添加至各式易燃材料中。但隨著專家學者長時間的研究，發現其對於健康之損害，在此同時，也發現其可作為多溴聯苯戴奧辛/呋喃(Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans, PBDD/Fs)的前驅物。本研究共收集了安養中心室內灰塵、空調濾網以及中醫診所室內灰塵樣品，共43件次。安養中心室內灰塵之PBDEs濃度為2320 ± 4130 ng/g，PBDD/Fs之濃度為6.03 ± 6.67 ng/g(毒性：0.0390 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g)，安養中心空調濾網之PBDEs濃度為1660 ± 2300 ng/g，PBDD/Fs之濃度為6.25 ± 5.26 ng/g(0.0534 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g)，中醫診所室內灰塵之PBDEs濃度為4790 ± 16500，PBDD/Fs之濃度為8.02 ± 22.0(0.0378 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g)。可以觀察到三種樣品的PBDEs、PBDD/Fs以及PBDD/Fs-TEQ的組成結構皆相似。在三種樣品中，可以發現PBDD/Fs與PBDEs之濃度皆呈現顯著正相關(r = 0.608**, p-value = 0.01；r = 0.786*, p-value = 0.021；r = 0.523*, p-value = 0.026)，也與Hanari et al. (2006)及Gou et al. (2016)等其他相關研究相同，支持了PBDEs與PBDD/Fs在室內環境中具有相同來源的說法。本研究也評估了灰塵中的PBDEs和PBDD/Fs對於安養中心和中醫診所內的從業人員和院民的風險(每日攝入量、致癌和非致癌風險)，而計算出來的結果未超過相關限值。

Over the past few decades, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been added to various flammable materials in large amounts due to their flame-retardant properties. However, the literature reported the awareness of health arise especially at longer exposure because it acts as a precursor of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs). In this study, a total of 43 samples were collected from indoor dust and air conditioning filters at nursing homes and indoor dust at Chinese medicine clinics. The result found the concentration of PBDEs from indoor dust and air-conditioning filters at nursing homes and indoor dust at the Chinese medicine clinics is 2320 ± 4130 ng/g, 1660 ± 2300 ng/g and 4790 ± 16500 ng/g, respectively. While the concentration of PBDD/Fs varied from 6.03 ± 6.67 ng/g (toxicity: 0.0390 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g), 6.25 ± 5.26 ng/g (toxicity: 0.0534 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g) and 8.02 ± 22.0 ng/g (toxicity: 0.0378 ng-WHO2005TEQ/g), respectively. It can be concluded the concentration of PBDEs, PBDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs-TEQ are similar which show a significant positive correlation (r = 0.608**, p-value = 0.01; r = 0.786*, p-value = 0.021; r = 0.523*, p-value = 0.026) in the same range as reported in previous studies and same source of indoor environments. This study assessed the risk of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs exposure for residents and practitioners in nursing homes and Chinese medicine clinics (daily intake, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks), but the calculated results did not exceed related limits.

潘文涵，2019。國民營養健康狀況變遷調查。([Available online at https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=3999&pid=11145](accessed 20.07.08)).
李世代，2016。『長期照護』的發展與推動。台灣競爭力論壇。([Available online at https://www.tcf.tw/%E6%9D%8E%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8E%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%85%A7%E8%AD%B7%E3%80%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%88%87%E6%8E%A8%E5%8B%95-2016-06-21/](accessed 20.07.08)).
內政部統計處，2019。內政統計通報。([Available online at https://www.moi.gov.tw/files/news_file/108%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC37%E9%80%B1%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E9%80%9A%E5%A0%B1_%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%A1%A8.pdf](accessed 20.07.08)).
經建會國際規劃處，2018。全球人口老化之現況與趨勢。([Available online at https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNTU2Ni83MjgyLzBlZDZiMDE1LThmM2UtNGVkMC04YjM2LWEwMTgxZDNhMjBlYy5wZGY%3D&n=5YWo55CD5Lq65Y%2Bj6ICB5YyW5LmL54%2B%2B5rOB6IiH6Lao5YuiXzIwMTMxMC5wZGY%3D&icon=..pdf](accessed 20.07.08)).
國家發展委員會，2020。高齡化指標。([Available online at https://pop-proj.ndc.gov.tw/chart.aspx?c=10&uid=66&pid=60](accessed 20.07.08)).
衛生福利部統計處，2018。中醫門診就診統計。([Available online at https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/cp-3743-39013-113.html](accessed 20.07.08)).
衛生福利部統計處，2020。老人長期照顧、安養機構概況。([Available online at https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/dos/cp-2977-13854-113.html](accessed 20.07.08)).
Abbasi, G., Li, L., & Breivik, K. (2019). Global Historical Stocks and Emissions of PBDEs. Environ Sci Technol, 53(11), 6330-6340. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b07032
Albano, G. D., Moscato, M., Montalbano, A. M., Anzalone, G., Gagliardo, R., Bonanno, A., . . . Profita, M. (2020). Can PBDEs affect the pathophysiologic complex of epithelium in lung diseases? Chemosphere, 241, 125087. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125087
Ali, N., Eqani, S., Ismail, I. M. I., Malarvannan, G., Kadi, M. W., Albar, H. M. S., . . . Covaci, A. (2016). Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Implications for human exposure. Sci Total Environ, 569-570, 269-277. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.093
Bjorklund, J. A., Thuresson, K., Palm Cousins, A., Sellstrom, U., Emenius, G., & de Wit, C. A. (2012). Indoor air is a significant source of tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers to outdoor air via ventilation systems. Environ Sci Technol, 46(11), 5876-5884. doi:10.1021/es204122v
Bjurlid, F., Dam, M., Hoydal, K., & Hagberg, J. (2018). Occurrence of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pilot whales (Globicephala melas) caught around the Faroe Islands. Chemosphere, 195, 11-20. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.044
Bjurlid, F., Roos, A., Ericson Jogsten, I., & Hagberg, J. (2018). Temporal trends of PBDD/Fs, PCDD/Fs, PBDEs and PCBs in ringed seals from the Baltic Sea (Pusa hispida botnica) between 1974 and 2015. Sci Total Environ, 616-617, 1374-1383. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.178
Branchi, I., Capone, F., Alleva, E., & Costa, L. G. (2003). Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: Neurobehavioral Effects Following Developmental Exposure. NeuroToxicology, 24(3), 449-462. doi:10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00020-2
Brits, M., Brandsma, S. H., Rohwer, E. R., De Vos, J., Weiss, J. M., & de Boer, J. (2019). Brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in South African indoor dust and cat hair. Environ Pollut, 253, 120-129. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.121
Chao, H. R., Lin, D. Y., Chen, K. Y., Gou, Y. Y., Chiou, T. H., Lee, W. J., . . . Wang, L. C. (2014). Atmospheric concentrations of persistent organic pollutants over the Pacific Ocean near southern Taiwan and the northern Philippines. Sci Total Environ, 491-492, 51-59. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.017
Chao, H.-R., Tsou, T.-C., Huang, H.-L., & Chang-Chien, G.-P. (2011). Levels of Breast Milk PBDEs From Southern Taiwan and Their Potential Impact on Neurodevelopment. Pediatric Research, 70(6), 596-600. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182320b9b
Chen, M. W., Castillo, B. A. A., Lin, D. Y., Chao, H. R., Tayo, L. L., Gou, Y. Y., . . . Huang, K. L. (2018). Levels of PCDD/Fs, PBDEs, and PBDD/Fs in Breast Milk from Southern Taiwan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 100(3), 369-375. doi:10.1007/s00128-018-2278-8
Chen, S. J., Ding, N., Zhu, Z. C., Tian, M., Luo, X. J., & Mai, B. X. (2014). Sources of halogenated brominated retardants in house dust in an industrial city in southern China and associated human exposure. Environ Res, 135, 190-195. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.013
Chen, S.-J., Luo, X.-J., Lin, Z., Luo, Y., Li, K.-C., Peng, X.-Z., . . . Zeng, E. Y. (2007). Time Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediment Cores from the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(16), 5595-5600. doi:10.1021/es070351e
Chevrier, J., Harley, K. G., Bradman, A., Gharbi, M., Sjodin, A., & Eskenazi, B. (2010). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants and thyroid hormone during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect, 118(10), 1444-1449. doi:10.1289/ehp.1001905
Civan, M. Y., & Kara, U. M. (2016). Risk assessment of PBDEs and PAHs in house dust in Kocaeli, Turkey: levels and sources. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 23(23), 23369-23384. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7512-5
Dingemans, M. M., van den Berg, M., & Westerink, R. H. (2011). Neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants: (in)direct effects of parent and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers on the (developing) nervous system. Environ Health Perspect, 119(7), 900-907. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003035
Domingo, J. L. (2012). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature. Food Chem Toxicol, 50(2), 238-249. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004
Du, L., Sun, W., Zhang, H., & Chen, D. (2016). BDE-209 inhibits pluripotent genes expression and induces apoptosis in human embryonic stem cells. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 36(5), 659-668. doi:10.1002/jat.3195
Dunnick, J. K., Shockley, K. R., Pandiri, A. R., Kissling, G. E., Gerrish, K. E., Ton, T. V., . . . Morgan, D. L. (2018). PBDE-47 and PBDE mixture (DE-71) toxicities and liver transcriptomic changes at PND 22 after in utero/postnatal exposure in the rat. Arch Toxicol, 92(11), 3415-3433. doi:10.1007/s00204-018-2292-y
Ebert, J. (2003). Formation of PBDD/F from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress. Environment International, 29(6), 711-716. doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00117-x
Fernandes, A. R., Mortimer, D., Holmes, M., Rose, M., Zhihua, L., Huang, X., . . . Marshall, L. (2018). Occurrence and spatial distribution of chemical contaminants in edible fish species collected from UK and proximate marine waters. Environ Int, 114, 219-230. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.047
Fernandes, A. R., Tlustos, C., Smith, F., Carr, M., Petch, R., & Rose, M. (2009). Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) in Irish food of animal origin. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 2(1), 86-94. doi:10.1080/02652030903042525
Fromme, H., Becher, G., Hilger, B., & Volkel, W. (2016). Brominated flame retardants - Exposure and risk assessment for the general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 219(1), 1-23. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.08.004
Gibson, E. A., Siegel, E. L., Eniola, F., Herbstman, J. B., & Factor-Litvak, P. (2018). Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Child Cognitive, Behavioral, and Motor Development. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(8). doi:10.3390/ijerph15081636
Gou, Y. Y., Que, D. E., Chuang, C. Y., Chao, H. R., Shy, C. G., Hsu, Y. C., . . . Tayo, L. L. (2016). Dust levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) in the Taiwanese elementary school classrooms: Assessment of the risk to school-age children. Sci Total Environ, 572, 734-741. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.044
Hanari, N., Kannan, K., Miyake, Y., Okazawa, T., Kodavanti, P. R., Aldous, K. M., & Yamashita, N. (2006). Occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polybrominated dibenzofurans as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures. Environ Sci Technol, 40(14), 4400-4405. doi:10.1021/es060559k
Harrad, S., Abdallah, M. A., & Oluseyi, T. (2016). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in dust from cars, homes, and offices in Lagos, Nigeria. Chemosphere, 146, 346-353. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.045
Harrad, S., Ibarra, C., Diamond, M., Melymuk, L., Robson, M., Douwes, J., . . . Covaci, A. (2008). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States. Environ Int, 34(2), 232-238. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.08.008
Hsu, Y. C., Chao, H. R., & Shih, S. I. (2015). Human exposure to airborne aldehydes in Chinese medicine clinics during moxibustion therapy and its impact on risks to health. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng, 50(3), 260-271. doi:10.1080/10934529.2015.981112
Huang, J., Lim, M. Y., Hwang, C., Zhao, B., & Shao, L. (2015). Contrasts in spatial and temporal variability of oxidative capacity and elemental composition in moxibustion, indoor and outdoor environments in Beijing. Environ Pollut, 202, 78-84. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.020
Johnson-Restrepo, B., & Kannan, K. (2009). An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States. Chemosphere, 76(4), 542-548. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068
Kado, S., Chang, W. L. W., Chi, A. N., Wolny, M., Shepherd, D. M., & Vogel, C. F. A. (2017). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling modifies Toll-like receptor-regulated responses in human dendritic cells. Arch Toxicol, 91(5), 2209-2221. doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1880-y
Khairy, M. A., Luek, J. L., Dickhut, R., & Lohmann, R. (2016). Levels, sources and chemical fate of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere and snow along the western Antarctic Peninsula. Environ Pollut, 216, 304-313. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.092
Koike, E., Yanagisawa, R., Takigami, H., & Takano, H. (2014). Penta- and octa-bromodiphenyl ethers promote proinflammatory protein expression in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro, 28(2), 327-333. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.014
Kuang, J., Ma, Y., & Harrad, S. (2016). Concentrations of "legacy" and novel brominated flame retardants in matched samples of UK kitchen and living room/bedroom dust. Chemosphere, 149, 224-230. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.092
Kuriyama, S. N., Talsness, C. E., Grote, K., & Chahoud, I. (2005). Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environ Health Perspect, 113(2), 149-154. doi:10.1289/ehp.7421
La Guardia, M. J., & Hale, R. C. (2015). Halogenated flame-retardant concentrations in settled dust, respirable and inhalable particulates and polyurethane foam at gymnastic training facilities and residences. Environ Int, 79, 106-114. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.014
Lauretta, R., Sansone, A., Sansone, M., Romanelli, F., & Appetecchia, M. (2019). Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Endocrine Glands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 10, 178. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00178
Lee, C. C., Hsieh, C. Y., Chen, C. S., & Tien, C. J. (2020). Emergent contaminants in sediments and fishes from the Tamsui River (Taiwan): Their spatial-temporal distribution and risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Environ Pollut, 258, 113733. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113733
Li, C., Zhao, Z., Lei, B., An, J., Zhang, X., & Yu, Y. (2015). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the air and comparison of the daily intake and uptake through inhalation by Shanghai residents with those through other matrices and routes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 22(3), 1750-1759. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3264-2
Li, C. Y., Dempsey, J. L., Wang, D., Lee, S., Weigel, K. M., Fei, Q., . . . Cui, J. Y. (2018). PBDEs Altered Gut Microbiome and Bile Acid Homeostasis in Male C57BL/6 Mice. Drug Metab Dispos, 46(8), 1226-1240. doi:10.1124/dmd.118.081547
Linares, V., Belles, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2015). Human exposure to PBDE and critical evaluation of health hazards. Arch Toxicol, 89(3), 335-356. doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1457-1
Lorber, M. (2008). Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 18(1), 2-19. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500572
Lu, C. Y., Kang, S. Y., Liu, S. H., Mai, C. W., & Tseng, C. H. (2016). Controlling Indoor Air Pollution from Moxibustion. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(6). doi:10.3390/ijerph13060612
Maio, S., Sarno, G., Baldacci, S., Annesi-Maesano, I., & Viegi, G. (2015). Air quality of nursing homes and its effect on the lung health of elderly residents. Expert Rev Respir Med, 9(6), 671-673. doi:10.1586/17476348.2015.1105742
Matovu, H., Ssebugere, P., & Sillanpaa, M. (2020). Prenatal exposure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mother-infant pairs and their transplacental transfer characteristics in Uganda (East Africa). Environ Pollut, 258, 113723. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113723
Meng, G., Nie, Z., Feng, Y., Wu, X., Yin, Y., & Wang, Y. (2016). Typical halogenated persistent organic pollutants in indoor dust and the associations with childhood asthma in Shanghai, China. Environ Pollut, 211, 389-398. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.006
Mizouchi, S., Ichiba, M., Takigami, H., Kajiwara, N., Takamuku, T., Miyajima, T., . . . Ueno, D. (2015). Exposure assessment of organophosphorus and organobromine flame retardants via indoor dust from elementary schools and domestic houses. Chemosphere, 123, 17-25. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.028
Mo, F., Chi, C., Guo, M., Chu, X., Li, Y., & Shen, X. (2014). Characteristics of selected indoor air pollutants from moxibustion. J Hazard Mater, 270, 53-60. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.042
Moeckel, C., Breivik, K., Nost, T. H., Sankoh, A., Jones, K. C., & Sweetman, A. (2020). Soil pollution at a major West African E-waste recycling site: Contamination pathways and implications for potential mitigation strategies. Environ Int, 137, 105563. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105563
Montalbano, A. M., Albano, G. D., Anzalone, G., Moscato, M., Gagliardo, R., Di Sano, C., . . . Profita, M. (2020). Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the flame retardants (PBDE-47, PBDE-99 and PBDE-209) in human bronchial epithelial cells. Chemosphere, 245, 125600. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125600
Nadal, M., Marques, M., Mari, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2015). Climate change and environmental concentrations of POPs: A review. Environ Res, 143(Pt A), 177-185. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.012
Ni, H. G., Cao, S. P., Chang, W. J., & Zeng, H. (2011). Incidence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in central air conditioner filter dust from a new office building. Environ Pollut, 159(7), 1957-1962. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.007
Olsman, H., Engwall, M., Kammann, U., Klempt, M., Otte, J., Van Bavel, B., & Hollert, H. (2007). Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26(11), 2448-2454. doi:10.1897/07-004R.1
Olukunle, O. I., Okonkwo, O. J., Sha'ato, R., & Wase, G. A. (2015). Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust and human exposure estimates from Makurdi, Nigeria. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 120, 394-399. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.023
Patel, S., Zhou, C., Rattan, S., & Flaws, J. A. (2015). Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on the Ovary. Biol Reprod, 93(1), 20. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.115.130336
Peng, X., Tang, C., Yu, Y., Tan, J., Huang, Q., Wu, J., . . . Mai, B. (2009). Concentrations, transport, fate, and releases of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environ Int, 35(2), 303-309. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.021
Petrlik, J., Behnisch, P., Digangi, J., Strakova, J., Fernandez, M., & Jensen, G. (2018). Toxic Soup: Dioxins in Plastic Toys.
Ping, H., Aiguo, W., Qiang, N., Lijuan, G., Tao, X., & Xuemin, C. (2010). Toxic effect of PBDE-47 on thyroid development, learning, and memory, and the interaction between PBDE-47 and PCB153 that enhances toxicity in rats. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 27(3), 279-288. doi:10.1177/0748233710387002
Piskorska-Pliszczyńska, J., & Maszewski, S. (2014). Brominated Dioxins: Little-Known New Health Hazards - A Review. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 58(3), 327-335. doi:10.2478/bvip-2014-0051
Poma, G., Malysheva, S. V., Goscinny, S., Malarvannan, G., Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A., & Van Loco, J. (2018). Occurrence of selected halogenated flame retardants in Belgian foodstuff. Chemosphere, 194, 256-265. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.179
Prochazkova, J., Strapacova, S., Svrzkova, L., Andrysik, Z., Hyzdalova, M., Hruba, E., . . . Machala, M. (2018). Adaptive changes in global gene expression profile of lung carcinoma A549 cells acutely exposed to distinct types of AhR ligands. Toxicol Lett, 292, 162-174. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.04.024
Rauert, C., Harrad, S., Stranger, M., & Lazarov, B. (2015). Test chamber investigation of the volatilization from source materials of brominated flame retardants and their subsequent deposition to indoor dust. Indoor Air, 25(4), 393-404. doi:10.1111/ina.12151
Ren, Z., Xiao, X., Chen, D., Bi, X., Huang, B., Liu, M., . . . Fu, J. (2014). Halogenated organic pollutants in particulate matters emitted during recycling of waste printed circuit boards in a typical e-waste workshop of Southern China. Chemosphere, 94, 143-150. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.065
Salvadó, J. A., Sobek, A., Carrizo, D., & Gustafsson, Ö. (2016). Observation-Based Assessment of PBDE Loads in Arctic Ocean Waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(5), 2236-2245. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b05687
Simon, T., Aylward, L. L., Kirman, C. R., Craig Rowlands, J., & Budinsky, R. A. (2009). Estimates of cancer potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin using linear and nonlinear dose-response modeling and toxicokinetics. Toxicological Sciences, 112(2), 490-506. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp232
Sindiku, O., Babayemi, J. O., Tysklind, M., Osibanjo, O., Weber, R., Watson, A., . . . Lundstedt, S. (2015). Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in e-waste plastic in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 22(19), 14515-14529. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5260-6
Street, M. E., Angelini, S., Bernasconi, S., Burgio, E., Cassio, A., Catellani, C., . . . Amarri, S. (2018). Current Knowledge on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) from Animal Biology to Humans, from Pregnancy to Adulthood: Highlights from a National Italian Meeting. Int J Mol Sci, 19(6). doi:10.3390/ijms19061647
Sun, B., Hu, Y., Cheng, H., & Tao, S. (2019). Releases of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from microplastics in aqueous medium: Kinetics and molecular-size dependence of diffusion. Water Res, 151, 215-225. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.017
Sun, J., Wang, Q., Zhuang, S., & Zhang, A. (2016). Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Hangzhou, China: Level, role of electric appliances, and human exposure. Environ Pollut, 218, 942-949. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.042
Tue, N. M., Matsushita, T., Goto, A., Itai, T., Asante, K. A., Obiri, S., . . . Kunisue, T. (2019). Complex Mixtures of Brominated/Chlorinated Diphenyl Ethers and Dibenzofurans in Soils from the Agbogbloshie e-Waste Site (Ghana): Occurrence, Formation, and Exposure Implications. Environ Sci Technol, 53(6), 3010-3017. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b06929
Turyk, M. E., Persky, V. W., Imm, P., Knobeloch, L., Chatterton, R., & Anderson, H. A. (2008). Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers. Environ Health Perspect, 116(12), 1635-1641. doi:10.1289/ehp.11707
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2016. Report of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee on the work of its twelfth meeting(UNEP/POPS/POPRC.12/11) ([Available online at http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/POPsReviewCommittee/Meetings/POPRC12/Overview/tabid/5171/Default.aspx] (accessed 20.07.08)).
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2017. Report of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants on the work of its eighth meeting(UNEP/POPS/COP.8/32) ([Available online at http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ConferenceoftheParties/Meetings/COP8/tabid/5309/Default.aspx] (accessed 20.07.08)).
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2016. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition. EPA/600/R-09/052F·Washington, DC: Environmental ProtectionAgency; 2011 ([Available online at https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252] (accessed 20.07.08)).
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2012. EPA's Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity and Response to NAS Comments. EPA/600/R-10/038F. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Washington, DC ([Available online at https://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/0/9DE6A0825A9C050F85257412005EA22A/$File/Dioxin+-+Main+Text+-+SAB-ERD.pdf] (accessed 20.07.08)).
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2014. Technical Fact Sheet – Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs). Environmental ProtectionAgency, Washington, DC ([Available online at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_perchlorate_january2014_final_0.pdf] (accessed 20.07.08)).
Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L. S., Denison, M., De Vito, M., Farland, W., Feeley, M., . . . Peterson, R. E. (2006). The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci, 93(2), 223-241. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl055
van den Berg, M., Denison, M. S., Birnbaum, L. S., Devito, M. J., Fiedler, H., Falandysz, J., . . . Peterson, R. E. (2013). Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls: inclusion in the toxicity equivalency factor concept for dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci, 133(2), 197-208. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft070
van Leeuwen, F. X. R., Feeley, M., Schrenk, D., Larsen, J. C., Farland, W., & Younes, M. (2000). Dioxins: WHO’s tolerable daily intake (TDI) revisited. Chemosphere, 40(9), 1095-1101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00358-6
Wang, J., Wang, Y., Shi, Z., Zhou, X., & Sun, Z. (2018). Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in indoor dust from Beijing, China: Occurrence, human exposure assessment and evidence for PBDEs replacement. Sci Total Environ, 618, 48-59. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.049
Wang, L.-C., & Chang-Chien, G.-P. (2007). Characterizing the Emissions of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans from Municipal and Industrial Waste Incinerators. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(4), 1159-1165. doi:10.1021/es061801q
Wang, M. S., Chen, S. J., Huang, K. L., Lai, Y. C., Chang-Chien, G. P., Tsai, J. H., . . . Lee, J. T. (2010). Determination of levels of persistent organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCBs, and PBBs) in atmosphere near a municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere, 80(10), 1220-1226. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.007
WHO (World Health Organization), 2006. Evaluation of certain food contaminants WHO technical report series. WHO Technical Report Series. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (Report NO.: 930). ([Available online at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43258/WHO_TRS_930_eng.pdf?sequence=1](accessed 20.07.08)).
Wu, Z., Lin, T., Guo, T., Li, Y., Li, Z., & Guo, Z. (2020). Occurrence, air-sea exchange, and gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers from East Asia to the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Chemosphere, 240, 124933. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124933
Xu, F., Tang, W., Zhang, W., Liu, L., & Lin, K. (2016). Levels, distributions and correlations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in air and dust of household and workplace in Shanghai, China: implication for daily human exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 23(4), 3229-3238. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5559-3
Yang, M., Li, Y. F., Qiao, L. N., & Zhang, X. M. (2018). Estimating subcooled liquid vapor pressures and octanol-air partition coefficients of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their temperature dependence. Sci Total Environ, 628-629, 329-337. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.054
Yoshioka, W., & Tohyama, C. (2019). Mechanisms of Developmental Toxicity of Dioxins and Related Compounds. Int J Mol Sci, 20(3). doi:10.3390/ijms20030617
Yu, Y., Yang, D., Wang, X., Huang, N., Zhang, X., Zhang, D., & Fu, J. (2013). Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters. Chemosphere, 93(10), 2603-2611. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.085
Zennegg, M., Schluep, M., Streicher-Porte, M., Lienemann, P., Haag, R., & Gerecke, A. C. (2014). Formation of PBDD/F from PBDE in electronic waste in recycling processes and under simulated extruding conditions. Chemosphere, 116, 34-39. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.101
Zhou, Y., & Liu, J. (2018). Emissions, environmental levels, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 25(33), 33082-33102. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3307-1
Zhu, N. Z., Liu, L. Y., Ma, W. L., Li, W. L., Song, W. W., Qi, H., & Li, Y. F. (2015). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor dust in China: levels, spatial distribution and human exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 111, 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.020