鹿會隨著生活史週期各階段不同的礦物質需求，從環境中攝取不同的食物。針對台灣水鹿（Rusa unicolor swinhoii）近年來在楠溪林道週期性啃食紅檜（Chamaecyparis formosensis）樹皮的現象，過去的研究提出是長角期（解角及茸角期）公鹿為了攝取鈣質而啃食紅檜樹皮的假說。本研究從2017年11月開始在楠溪林道紀錄紅檜被啃食頻度並以自動相機監測水鹿族群豐度，在2018年11月開始放置礦物質鹽塊以做為轉移餵食（diversionary feeding），觀察長角期公鹿、硬角期公鹿、母鹿與幼鹿取食礦鹽行為。雖然各類別水鹿均有舔食礦鹽的行為，但長角期公鹿直接舔食礦鹽機率顯著高於其他類別水鹿（P<0.05），也顯著受到礦鹽站的吸引（P<0.05），且長角期水鹿被拍攝到啃樹皮的比例在放置鹽塊後下降。放置礦鹽前後整體水鹿相對豐度沒有改變，顯示上述的結果並非因水鹿的相對豐度改變而造成。因此，本研究推測長角期公鹿可能是基於長鹿角的營養需求，比起其他類別水鹿更需要礦物質。然而礦鹽放置期間，樹皮被啃食頻度相較於礦鹽放置前沒有明顯變化，可能是此地水鹿啃食樹皮行為已經多年，但本實驗目前放置礦鹽僅七個月，還無法有效改變這個行為。本研究建議未來可在啃食高峰期間提供礦鹽並重複數年，再評估轉移餵食對於降低水鹿啃食樹皮行為之效果。

Food items of deer may vary with its need for minerals in different life history stages. Formosan sambar (Rusa unicolor swinhoii) strip barks of Taiwan red cypress (Chamaecyparis formosensis) along the Nanshi Forest Road periodically in recent years. Previous studies hypothesized that male deer at antler-growing stage (including casting and velvet antler) ate barks of Taiwan red cypress for calcium. In November 2017, this research started to monitor the abundance of sambar using camera traps and bark stripping frequency on Taiwan red cypress along the Nanshi Forest Road. In November 2018, this research started diversionary feeding by providing mineral licks and observed behaviors of male sambar at antler-growing stage, males at antler stage, does, and fawns. Although all categories of sambar exhibited mineral-licking behavior, males at antler-growing stage had significantly higher probability of licking the mineral salt directly than any other category (P<0.05) and they were significantly attracted by feeding stations (P<0.05). Frequency of bark-tripping behavior of males at antler-growing stage caught by cameras was lower during the diversionary feeding period. Abundance of deer did not alter after the diversionary feeding, indicating that the above results were not due to change of deer abundance. Therefore, this research interpret that males at antler-growing stage may need minerals more than other categories of deer. However, the frequency of bark stripping did not significantly differ before and during the diversionary feeding. The diversionary feeding lasted only seven months, which may not be sufficient to change the bark-stripping behavior that has occurred in the study area for many years. This research suggests that future diversionary feeding should be conducted during the peak of bark-stripping and last for several years before evaluating the effect of diversionary feeding on lowering the bark-stripping behavior of Formosan sambar.

古馥宇（2018）台灣水鹿（Rusa unicolor swinhoii）之相對族群量指標開發與評估。碩士論文，國立屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所。11頁。
李久先、顏添明（2000）紅檜人工林生產潛能之評估：地位指數曲線式之研究。林業研究季刊。200006（22:2）:51-60。
林宗以、楊國植、李玲玲（2006）台灣水鹿啃食樹皮行為對高海拔森林影響初探。2006動物行為與生態曁中國生物學會聯合學術年會論文集。第148頁。
黃慎雯（2019）台灣水鹿（Rusa unicolor swinhoii）生活史的地區變異。碩士論文，國立屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所。21頁。
楊國禎（2010）玉山國家公園楠梓仙溪林道地區動植物資源監測調查計畫。內政部營建署玉山國家公園管理處。21頁。
楊硯涵（2020）玉山國家公園水鹿啃食紅檜樹皮與角週期之相關性。碩士論文，國立屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所。19頁。
葉川逢（2015）楠溪林道台灣水鹿對樹皮之啃食偏好與樹皮化學成分之關聯。碩士論文，國立屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所。32頁。
裴家騏、姜博仁（2002）大武山自然保留區和周邊地區雲豹及其他中大型哺乳動物之現況與保育研究（一）。行政院農業委員會林務局保育研究系列 90-6 號。63 頁。
劉士豪（2016）楠溪林道水鹿啃食紅檜樹皮原因之探討。碩士論文，國立屏東科技大學野生動物保育研究所。17、28頁。
顏士清（2011）台灣水鹿之活動範圍與社會結構初探―以奇萊磐石山區為例。太魯閣國家公園管理處研究生研究報告。9頁。
Akashi, N., and Nakashizuka, T. (1999). Effects of bark-stripping by sika deer (Cervus nippon) on population dynamics of a mixed forest in Japan. Forest Ecology and Management 113(1):75-82.
Arnold, J. M., Gerhardt, P., Steyaert, S. M., Hochbichler, E., and Hackländer, K. (2018). Diversionary feeding can reduce red deer habitat selection pressure on vulnerable forest stands, but is not a panacea for red deer damage. Forest Ecology and Management 407:166-173.
Atwood, T. C., and Weeks, H. P. (2003). Sex-specific patterns of mineral lick preference in white-tailed deer. Northeastern Naturalist 10(4) :409-414.
Barrio, I. C., Bueno, C. G., and Tortosa, F. S. (2010). Alternative food and rabbit damage in vineyards of southern Spain. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment 138(1-2) :51-54.
Bergvall, U. A., Schäpers, A., Kjellander, P., and Weiss, A. (2011). Personality and foraging decisions in fallow deer, Dama dama. Animal Behaviour 81(1) :101-112.
Calenge, C., Maillard, D., Fournier, P., and Fouque, C. (2004). Efficiency of spreading maize in the garrigues to reduce wild boar (Sus scrofa) damage to Mediterranean vineyards. European Journal of Wildlife Research 50(3) :112-120.
Ceacero, F., Landete-Castillejos, T., García, A. J., Estévez, J. A., and Gallego, L. (2010). Can Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) discriminate among essential minerals in their diet? British Journal of Nutrition 103(4) :617-626.
Ceacero, F., Landete-Castillejos, T., García, A. J., Estévez, J. A., Martinez, A., Calatayud, A., and Gallego, L. (2009). Free-choice mineral consumption in Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) response to diet deficiencies. Livestock Science 122(2-3) :345-348.
Ceacero, F., Landete-Castillejos, T., Miranda, M., García, A. J., Martínez, A., and Gallego, L. (2014). Why do cervids feed on aquatic vegetation? Behavioural processes 103:28-34.
Côté, S. D., Rooney, T. P., Tremblay, J. P., Dussault, C., and Waller, D. M. (2004). Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35:113-147.
Felton, A. M., Wam, H. K., Stolter, C., Mathisen, K. M., and Wallgren, M. (2018). The complexity of interacting nutritional drivers behind food selection, a review of northern cervids. Ecosphere 9(5) :e02230.
Fontúrbel, F. E., and Simonetti, J. A. (2011). Translocations and human-carnivore conflicts: problem solving or problem creating? Wildlife Biology 17(2) :217-224.
Franklin, A. B., and VerCauteren, K. C. (2016). Keeping Wildlife Out of Your Food: Mitigation and Control Strategies to Reduce the Transmission Risk of Food-Borne Pathogens. In Food Safety Risks from Wildlife. 183-199 pp. Springer, Cham. Springer International Publishing, New York.
Fuller, R. J., and Gill, R. M. (2001). Ecological impacts of increasing numbers of deer in British woodland. Forestry 74(3) :193-199.
Gambín, P., Ceacero, F., Garcia, A. J., Landete-Castillejos, T., and Gallego, L. (2017). Patterns of antler consumption reveal osteophagia as a natural mineral resource in key periods for red deer (Cervus elaphus). European Journal of Wildlife Research 63(2):39.
Gillingham, M. P., and Bunnell, F. L. (1989). Effects of learning on food selection and searching behaviour of deer. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67(1) :24-32.
Gomez, S., Garcia, A. J., Luna, S., Kierdorf, U., Kierdorf, H., Gallego, L., and Landete-Castillejos, T. (2013). Labeling studies on cortical bone formation in the antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Bone 52(1) :506-515.
Goss, R. J. (2012). Deer antlers: regeneration, function and evolution. Academic Press, New York. 322pp.
Horsley, S. B., Stout, S. L., and DeCalesta, D. S. (2003). White‐tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecological Applications 13(1) :98-118.
Hygnstrom, S., Drake, D., Van Deelen, T., and Vantassel, S. (2014). Managing overabundant white-tailed deer: is it time to consider regulated commercial harvest? Outlooks on Pest Management 25(1) :11-16.
Kubasiewicz, L. M., Bunnefeld, N., Tulloch, A. I., Quine, C. P., and Park, K. J. (2016). Diversionary feeding: an effective management strategy for conservation conflict? Biodiversity and Conservation 25(1) :1-22.
Lin, Z. Y., Yang, S. Y., and Weng, G. J. (2015). Bark-stripping behavior of Formosan sambar (Rusa Unicolor Swinhoii) caught on camera and its implications. Taiwan Journal of Biodiversity 17(1) :41-47.
MacArthur, R. H., and Pianka, E. R. (1966). On optimal use of a patchy environment. The American Naturalist 100(916) :603-609.
Maron, J. L., and Crone, E. (2006). Herbivory: effects on plant abundance, distribution and population growth. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273(1601) :2575-2584.
Massei, G., Quy, R. J., Gurney, J., and Cowan, D. P. (2010). Can translocations be used to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts? Wildlife Research 37(5) :428-439.
Mathisen, K. M., Milner, J. M., van Beest, F. M., and Skarpe, C. (2014). Long-term effects of supplementary feeding of moose on browsing impact at a landscape scale. Forest ecology and management 314:104-111.
McDowell, L. R. (2003). Minerals in animal and human nutrition (No. Ed. 2). Elsevier Science BV.10-12,122-124,543-549pp.
McLaren, B. E., and R. O. Peterson. (1994) Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266:1555–1558.
McNaughton, S. J. (1988). Mineral nutrition and spatial concentrations of African ungulates. Nature 334(6180) :343-345.
McNaughton, S. J. (1990). Mineral nutrition and seasonal movements of African migratory ungulates. Nature 345(6276) :613-615.
Nagaike, T. (2019).Effects of heavy, repeated bark stripping by Cervus nippon on survival of Abies veitchii in a subalpine coniferous forest in central Japan. Journal of Forestry Research:1-7.
Perry, D. A. N., and Perry, G. A. D. (2008). Improving interactions between animal rights groups and conservation biologists. Conservation Biology 22(1):27-35.
Provenza, F. D. (1995). Postingestive feedback as an elementary determinant of food preference and intake in ruminants. Rangeland Ecology and Management/Journal of Range Management Archives 48(1) :2-17.
Putman, R. J. (1996). Ungulates in temperate forest ecosystems: perspectives and recommendations for future research. Forest Ecology and Management 88(1-2) :205-214.
Reimoser, F., and Putman, R. (2011). Impacts of wild ungulates on vegetation: costs and benefits. Ungulate management in Europe: problems and practices. Cambridge University press, Cambridge:144-191.
Sorensen, A., van Beest, F. M., and Brook, R. K. (2014). Impacts of wildlife baiting and supplemental feeding on infectious disease transmission risk: a synthesis of knowledge. Preventive veterinary medicine 113(4) :356-363.
Speed, J. D. M., and G. Austrheim. (2017) The importance of herbivore density and management as determinants of the distribution of rare plant species. Biological Conservation 205:77– 84.
Sullivan, T. P., and Klenner, W. (1993). Influence of diversionary food on red squirrel populations and damage to crop trees in young lodgepole pine forest. Ecological Applications 3(4) :708-718.
Sullivan, T. P., and Sullivan, D. S. (2004). Influence of a granivorous diversionary food on population dynamics of montane voles (Microtus montanus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Crop protection 23(3) :191-200.
Thornton A. and Raihani N.J. (2008) The evolution of teaching. Anim Behav 75:1823–1836.
Wam, H. K., Felton, A. M., Stolter, C., Nybakken, L., and Hjeljord, O. (2018). Moose selecting for specific nutritional composition of birch places limits on food acceptability. Ecology and evolution 8(2) :1117-1130.
Weiqi Li., Chunwang Li., Zhigang Jiang, Rui Guo and Xiaoge Ping (2019) Daily rhythm and seasonal pattern of lick use in sika deer (Cervus nippon) in China, Biological Rhythm Research 50:3:408-417
Whisson, D. A., Holland, G. J., and Carlyon, K. (2012). Translocation of overabundant species: implications for translocated individuals. The Journal of Wildlife Management 76(8) :1661-1669.
White,T.C.R. (1993). The Inadequate Environment.Nitrogenand the Abundance of Animals.Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Williams, S. C., Denicola, A. J., Almendinger, T., and Maddock, J. (2013). Evaluation of organized hunting as a management technique for overabundant white‐tailed deer in suburban landscapes. Wildlife Society Bulletin 37(1) :137-145.
Witmer, G. W., Nolte, D. L., and Stewart, W. B. (2000). Integrated pest management of black bear reforestation damage. In Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 19:19.
Yen, S. C., Lin, C. Y., Hew, S. W., Yang, S. Y., Yeh, C. F., and Weng, G. J. (2015). Characterization of debarking behavior by sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in Taiwan. Mammal study 40(3) :167-179.
Ziegltrum, G. J. (2004). Efficacy of black bear supplemental feeding to reduce conifer damage in western Washington. The Journal of wildlife management 68(3) :470-474.
Ziegltrum, G. J. (2008). Impacts of the black bear supplemental feeding program on ecology in western Washington. Human-Wildlife Conflicts 2(2) :153-159.