新興污染物已在各種環境介質中被檢出，並可能對人類健康和生態系統造成不利影響。其中屬於藥物及個人防護用品最常用的β-腎上腺素受體阻斷劑普萘洛爾(Propranolol)因具有不同急慢性毒性而受到重視。另外隨著人為活動；如化石燃料的燃燒、煉油廠、金屬冶煉、農業灌溉和工業採礦的污水排放，伴隨著土壤和水生環境中的金屬硒(Selenium, Se)亦因多管道被排放至環境，最終進入食物鏈，而可能影響人體健康。本研究根據物種敏感性分佈曲線(Species Sensitivity Distributions, SSDs)計算暴露於目標化合物(Propranolol & Selenium)造成5％物種的急毒性危險濃度( Hazardous concentrations for 5% of species , HC5)。本研究使用評估SSDs的水生物種群包括藻類、無脊椎動物和脊椎動物。成果期望能獲得水域環境中較少被探討的Propranolol以及Selenium的預測無效應濃度(Prediction of no-effect concentrations, PNEC)及HC5值，對於未來新興污染物的環境管理限值之擬定至關重要。
物種暴露於Propranolol分別對8種生物之耐受性，由高至低依序為Chironomus riparius > Neocaridina denticulata > Chlorella vulgaris> Pseudorasbora parva> Daphnia magna > Cyprinus carpio > Hyalella azteca>Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata，推測Propranolol對於無脊椎動物之急毒性較小。暴露於Selenium之試驗結果耐受性，由高至低依序為Pseudorasbora parva> Cyprinus carpio > Chlorella vulgaris> Chironomus riparius > Neocaridina denticulata >Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata> Daphnia magna > Hyalella azteca，顯示Selenium對脊椎生物魚類以及藻類小球藻之急毒性影響較小。
本研究結果Propranolol之HC5為0.465 mg/L，PNEC值為0.093 mg/L；Selenium之HC5為0.311 mg/L，PNEC值為0.0622 mg/L。若另置入數據庫擴大物種之急毒性數據，Propranolol之HC5為0.532 mg/L，PNEC值為0.106mg/L；Selenium之HC5為0.114 mg/L，PNEC值為0.0228 mg/L。判斷物種數以及物種組成大幅影響了HC5的估算。PNEC值越小風險越大，本研究顯示普萘洛爾和硒的風險商分別為0.0015-0.0024和0.0305-0.0864，顯示生態風險極低。

Emerging contaminants have been detected in various environmental media and may cause adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Among them are pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Propranolol, the most commonly used β-adrenoceptor blocker, has received attention because of its acute and chronic toxicity. In addition, human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, oil refineries, metal smelting, agricultural irrigation, and industrial mining wastewater regularly discharge selenium (selenium, Se) into sedicet and the aquatic environment, where it eventually enters the food chain and may affect human health. In this study, based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), we calculated the acute concentration (HC5) to 5% of species from exposure to two target compounds (propranolol & selenium). The aquatic species used in SSDs included algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The results of this study are helpful in obtaining the PNEC (prediction of no-effect concentrations) and HC5 values of propranolol and selenium in the water environment, which are rarely discussed but are very important in the formulation of environmental management limits for future emerging pollutants.
The sensitivity of the eight species exposed to propranolol were, in descending order, Chironomus riparius > Neocaridina denticulata > Chlorella vulgaris > Pseudorasbora parva > Daphnia magna > Cyprinus carpio > Hyalella azteca > Pseudokirchneriella subcapitaol. It is speculated that propranolol is less acutely toxic to invertebrates. In addition, the sensitivity of the biota exposed to selenium is, from low to high: Pseudorasbora parva > Cyprinus carpio > Chlorella vulgaris > Chironomus riparius > Neocaridina denticulata > Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata > Daphnia magna > Hyalella azteca, showing that vertebrates and algae are less affected.
In this study, the HC5 of propranolol was 0.465 mg/L and the PNEC value was 0.093 mg/L; the HC5 of selenium was 0.311 mg/L and the PNEC value was 0.0622 mg/L. In comparison to the HC5 of propranolol was increased to 0.532 mg/L and the PNEC value was 0.106 mg/L after added more species ecotoxicological data from the database; the HC5 of selenium was decreased to 0.114 mg/L and the PNEC value was 0.0228 mg/L. The number of species and the composition of the species greatly influenced the estimation of HC5. Ecological risk assessment usually uses the risk quotient (RQ) method, which is the ratio of a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to a non-effect concentration PNEC, so the larger the PNEC value, the lower the risk. Our research revealed that the risk quotients calculated for propranolol and Se were 0.0015-0.0024 and 0.0305-0.0864, respectively, indicating very low ecological risks.

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