農業循環經濟是將廢棄物或副產再利用為具經濟價值的產品或原料，近年來於國際間受到重視。檸檬(Citrus limon)全果果汁含量約為20-30%，經加工後約會殘留50%-60%以檸檬皮為主的農業廢棄物，處理這些廢棄物會導致生產成本提高，將這些檸檬皮再開發為功能性飼料添加物，不僅符合環保也具經濟意義。本研究透過五個實驗，評估檸檬皮作為水產機能性飼料添加物的特性。實驗一結果顯示，點帶石斑(Epinephelus coioides)飼料中添加1%、3%、5%及8%之乾燥檸檬皮(LP)，可顯著提高(p＜0.05)血漿溶菌酶活性、提升肝臟超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、改善前腸固有層擴大及黏膜上皮層受損情形，但抑制魚隻末重、增重率及飼料效率。實驗二以檸檬皮之水萃取物(LWE)、乙醇萃取物(LEE)、精油(LEO)型式及乾燥檸檬皮分別添加於點帶石斑飼料，結果顯示所有型式的檸檬皮萃取物均不會抑制魚隻成長，且所有型式的檸檬皮添加物均可顯著提高魚隻肝臟SOD活性及修復前腸絨毛的融合與損傷現象。萃取物型式雖對魚隻有正面效益，但萃取過程耗時費工，且萃取後仍許處理殘留物的問題，因此實驗三將檸檬皮與植物乳桿菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)共同發酵後製成發酵檸檬皮(FLP)，直接添加於點帶石斑飼料。結果顯示，添加FLP 5%會造成魚隻增重率及飼料效率顯著下降；所有添加FLP的組別(1%、3%及5%)攻毒前血漿溶菌酶活性均顯著高於控制組；FLP添加1%及3%時，可降低發光桿菌攻毒後的死亡率；攻毒後血漿溶菌酶活性則以添加1%及3% FLP的組別顯著最高，添加FLP 5%的組別次之，控制組顯著最低。實驗三結果證實，飼料中添加FLP可強化魚隻免疫能力，增加對發光桿菌的抗病力。為了商品化發酵檸檬皮，本研究也評估FLP對金目鱸(Lates calcarifer) (實驗四)及龍膽石斑(Epinephelus lanceolatus) (實驗五)之功效。實驗四結果顯示，FLP添加量為1%及3%時可改善金目鱸前腸固有層擴大及損傷等現象，但添加5%時抑制魚隻飼料效率、血漿溶菌酶活性及提高肝臟氧化壓力。實驗五結果顯示，無論添加LP或FLP均不影響龍膽石斑之成長表現及免疫反應；進一步分析腸道菌相主坐標(principal coordinates analysis)，結果顯示控制組與1%LP及2%LP組腸道菌相組成相似，但與1%FLP及2%FLP組差異較大，添加FLP後大幅抑制腸道中馬腺疫鏈球菌(Streptococcus equines)且明顯提高植物乳桿菌的比例。本研究證實，FLP可作為水產飼料機能性添加物，達到提高魚隻免疫力、抗氧化能力及腸道健康等功效，但對不同魚種之功效略有差異，整體而言飼料中添加發酵檸檬皮以不超過3%為佳。

The main purpose of the agricultural circular economy is byproduct/waste recycling with the intended goal of economic efficiency and environmental protection. Lemon (Citrus limon), with a juice content of 20%-30% in whole fruit, leave 50%-60% lemon peel-based agricultural waste after the processing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potentiality of reusing lemon peel as a functional feed additive for aquaculture. Total of five feeding trials were conducted to estimate the purpose. In Exp. 1, basal diet supplemented with dried lemon peel (LP) at 1%, 3%, 5% and 8% significantly (p<0.05) enhanced plasma lysozyme and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as improved lamina propria enlargement of the proximal intestinal villi, but inhibited weight gain and feed efficiency of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). In Exp. 2, different forms of lemon peel additives, such as lemon peel water extract (LWE), ethanol extract (LEE), essential oils (LEO) and LP, were investigated. Results indicated that diets with all forms of lemon peel additives didn’t depress the growth performance, but improved hepatic SOD activity and repaired the fusionand damages of the proximal intestinal villi. Although all forms of lemon peel showed the benefit effects for orange-spotted grouper, it would be an important issue that high cost and high amount of residuals after extract processing for lemon peel. Therefore, lemon peel was directly fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum to prepare a product, fermented lemon peel (FLP). In Exp. 3, orange-spotted grouper fed the diet with 5% FLP depressed weight gain and feed efficiency than other dietary groups. Cumulative mortality after Photobacterium damselae challenge was lower in fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP than other two dietary treatments. Plasma lysozyme activity was higher in fish fed diets with 1%, 3% and 5% FLP than fish fed the FLP-free control diet before challenge test, whereas the lysozyme activity was the highest in fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP, followed by fish fed the diet with 5% FLP and the lowest in fish fed the control diet after challenge test. In order to commercialize this product, other two species, such as Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) and giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) were also evaluated. In Exp. 4 and 5. In Exp. 4 fish fed the diet with 5% FLP showed poor feed efficiency and plasma lysozyme activity, but increased hepatic oxidative status. Fish fed diets with 1% and 3% FLP improved lamina propria enlargement of the proximal intestinal villi compared with other treatments. In Exp. 5, growth performance and immune responses were not affected by fish fed diets with LP or FLP. Based on principal coordinates analysis for intestinal microbiota, fish fed the control diet showed similar microbiota with fish fed diets with 1% and 2% LP, but different from fish fed diets with 1% and 2% FLP. Fish fed diets with 1% and 2% FLP showed lower ratio of Streptococcus equines but higher ratio of Lactobacillus plantarum than other dietary groups. In conclusion, FLP can be used as a functional feed additive to improve the immunity, antioxidant ability or intestinal health of fish. However, the benefits of FLP varies in different fish species. Overall, no more than 3% FLP supplementation level is recommended in aquafeed.

行政院農業委員會/農業統計資料查詢，2020。https://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/inquiry/InquireAdvance.aspx
林海珍，2018。農糧副產品暗藏新商機。STPI科技政策研究組。https://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=14756
楊堉麟，2011。中草藥指標、有效成份與標準品之研究與開發。中醫藥年報 29，1-58。
漁業統計年報/漁業統計/行政院農委會漁業署，2020。https://www.fa.gov.tw/cht/PublicationsFishYear/
Acar, Ü., Kesbiç, O.S., Yılmaz, S., Gültepe, N., Türker, A., 2015. Evaluation of the effects of essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) on growth rate of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and possible disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae. Aquaculture 437, 282-286.
Ahn, K.B., Baik, J.E., Park, O.J., Yun, C.H., Han, S.H., 2018. Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid inhibits biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. PLoS ONE 13, e0192694.
Ai, Q., Xu, H., Mai, K., Xu, W., Wang, J., Zhang, W., 2011. Effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on growth performance, survival, non-specific immune response and disease resistance of juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Aquaculture 317, 155-161.
Ali, J., Das, B., Saikia, T., 2017. AntimIcrobial activity of lemon peel (Citrus limon) extract. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 9, 79-82.
Alves-Santos, A.M., Sugizaki, C.S.A., Lima, G.C., Naves, M.M.C., 2020. Prebiotic effect of dietary polyphenols: A systematic review. J. Funct. Foods 74, 104169.
Angelakis, E., 2017. Weight gain by gut microbiota manipulation in productive animals. Microb. Pathog. 106, 162-170.
Anticona, M., Blesa, J., Frigola, A., Esteve, M.J., 2020. High biological value compounds extraction from citrus waste with non-conventional methods. Foods 9, 811.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1995. Official methods of analysis, 16th edn. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.
Ashouri, G., Soofiani, N.M., Hoseinifar, S.H., Jalali, S.A.H., Morshedi, V., Valinassab, T., Bagheri, D., Doan, H.V., Mozanzadeh, M.T., Carnevali, O., 2020. Influence of dietary sodium alginate and Pediococcus acidilactici on liver antioxidant status, intestinal lysozyme gene expression, histomorphology, microbiota, and digestive enzymes activity, in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles. Aquaculture 518, 734638.
Baba, E., Acar, Ü., Öntaş, C., Kesbiç, O.S., Yılmaz, S., 2016. Evaluation of Citrus limon peels essential oil on growth performance, immune response of Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus challenged with Edwardsiella tarda. Aquaculture 465, 13-18.
Balasundram, N., Sundram, K., Samman, S., 2006. Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem. 99, 191-203.
Beltrán, J.M.G., Espinosa, C., Guardiola, F.A., Esteban M.Á., 2017. Dietary dehydrated lemon peel improves the immune but not the antioxidant status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 64, 426-436.
Boluda-Aguilar, M., López-Gómez, A., 2013. Production of bioethanol by fermentation of lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel wastes pretreated with steam explosion. Ind. Crops Prod. 41, 188-197.
Bonvini, E., Bonaldo, A., Parma, L., Mandrioli, L., Sirri, R., Grandi, M., Fontanillas, R., Viroli, C., Gatta, P.P., 2018. Feeding European sea bass with increasing dietary fibre levels: Impact on growth, blood biochemistry, gut histology, gut evacuation. Aquaculture 494, 1-9.
Boonyaratpalin, M., Suraneiranat, P., Tunpibal, T., 1998. Replacement of fish meal with various types of soybean products in diets for the Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture 161, 67-78.
Booth, I.R., Startford, M., 2003. Acidulants and low pH. In: Russel, N.J., Gould, G.W. (Eds.), Food preservatives. Kluwer Acadmic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 25-47.
Bozkurt, T., Gülnaz, O., Kaçar, Y.A., 2017. Chemical composition of the essential oils from some citrus species and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity. IOSR. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 11, 1-8.
Callewaert, L., Michiels, C.E., 2010. Lysozymes in the animal kingdom. J. Biosci. 35, 127-160.
Catacutan, M.R., Coloso, R.M., 1995. Effect of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth, survival, and body composition of juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Aquaculture 131, 125-133.
Cerezuela, R., Meseguer, J., Esteban, M.A., 2011. Current knowledge in synbiotic use for fish aquaculture: A review. J. Aquacult. Res. Development S1:008.
Chekani, R., Akrami, R., Ghiasvand, Z., Chitsaz,, H., Jorjan, S., 2021. Effect of dietary dehydrated lemon peel (Citrus limon) supplementation on growth, hemato-immunolological and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under exposure to crowding stress. Aquaculture 539, 736597.
Chia, P.W., Lim, B.S., Tan, K.C., Yong, F.S.J., Kan, S.Y., 2019. Water extract of onion peel for the synthesis of bisindolylmethanes. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 31, 642-647.
Chinapongtitiwat, V., Jongaroontaprangsee, S., Chiewchan, N., Devahastin, S., 2013. Important flavonoids and limonin in selected Thai citrus residues. J. Funct. Foods 5, 1151-1158.
Chou, H.Y., Lin, Y.H., Shiau, S.Y., 2008. Nutrition, immunology and health management of groupers. In: Grouper Aquaculture, Liao, I C and Leaño, E. M. (Eds.). Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, World Aquaculture Society, Louisiana, USA, The Fisheries Society of Taiwan, Keelung, Taiwan, and National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan. pp. 189-205.
Cianciosi, D., Forbes-Hernández, T.Y., Regolo, L., Alvarez-Suarez, J.M., Navarro-Hortal, M.D., Xiao, J., Quiles, J.L., Battino, M., Giampieri, F., 2022. The reciprocal interaction between polyphenols and other dietary compounds: impact on bioavailability, antioxidant capacity and other physico-chemical and nutritional parameters. Food Chem. 375, 131904.
Citarasu, T., 2010. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquacult. Int. 18, 403-414.
Dai, J.H., Li, Y.X., Yang, P., Liu, Y., Chen, Z.C., Ou, W.H., Ai, Q.H., Zhang, W.B., Zhang, Y.J., Mai, K.S., 2018. Citric acid as a functional supplement in diets for juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L.: Effects on phosphorus discharge, growth performance, and intestinal health. Aquaculture 495, 643-653.
Dawood, M.A.O., Koshio, S., 2016. Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture 454, 243-251.
Dhanavade, M.J., Jalkute, C.B., Ghosh, J.S., Sonawane, K.D., 2011. Study antimicrobial activity of lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel extract. Br. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2, 119-122.
Di Vaio, C., Graziani, G., Gaspari, A., Scaglione, G., Nocerino, S., Ritieni, A., 2010. Essential oils content and antioxidant properties of peel ethanol extract in 18 lemon cultivars. Sci. Hortic. 126, 50-55.
Ding, X., Guo, L., Zhang, Y., Fan, S., Gu, M., Lu, Y., Jiang, D., Li, Y., Huang, C., Zhou, Z., 2013. Extracts of pomelo peels prevent high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in C57BL/6 mice through activating the PPARα and GLUT4 pathway. PLoS. One 8, e77915.
Dioundick, O.B., Stom, D.I., 1990. Effects of dietary α-cellulose levels on the juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Aquaculture 91, 311-315.
Doan, H.V., Hoseinifar, S.H., Naraballobh, W., Jaturasitha, S., Tongsiri, S., Chitmanat, C., Ringø, W., 2019. Dietary inclusion of Orange peels derived pectin and Lactobacillus plantarum for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured under indoor biofloc systems. Aquaculture 508, 98-105.
Dong, H., Rowland, I., Yaqoob, P., 2012. Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune function in vitro. Br. J. Nutr., 108, 459-470。
Dosoky, N.S., Setzer, W.N., 2018. Biological activities and safety of Citrus spp. essential oils. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19, 1966.
Du, T., Gao, X.R., Peng, L., Ge, J.F., 2020. Crosstalk between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and depression. Heliyon 6, e04097.
Eliaz, I., Guardino, J., Hughes, K., 2006. The health benefits of modified citrus pectin. In: Patil, B., et al., Potential Health Benefits of Citrus. ACS Symposium Series/American Chemical Society Publishers, Washington, DC, pp. 199-210.
El-Noby, G., Hassanin, M., El-Hady, M., Aboshabana, S., 2021. Streptococcus: A review article on an emerging pathogen of farmed fishes. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish. 25, 123-139.
El-Sayed, A.F.M., 1999. Alternative dietary protein sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Aquaculture 179, 149-168.
Eusebio, P.S., Coloso, R.M., 2000. Nutritional evaluation of various plant protein sources in diets for Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 16, 56-60.
Fan, S., Li, H., Zhao, R., 2020. Effects of normoxic and hypoxic conditions on the immune response and gut microbiota of Bostrichthys sinensis. Aquaculture 525, 735336.
Folch, J., Lees, M., Sloane-Stanley, G.H., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497-509.
Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., 2001. Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199, 197-227.
Fuentes-Quesada, J.P., Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N., Guerrero-Rentería, Y., Nomura-Solís, M., Gomez-Calle, V., Lazo, J.P., Mata-Sotres, J.A., 2018. Enteritis induction by soybean meal in Totoaba macdonaldi diets: Effects on growth performance, digestive capacity, immune response and distal intestine integrity. Aquaculture 495, 78-89.
Furukawa, A., Tsukahara, H., 1966. On the acid digestion method for the determination of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish diet. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish, 32, 502-506.
Garibay-Valdez, E., Martínez-Porchas, M., Calderón, K., Vargas-Albores, F., Gollas-Galván, T., Martínez-Córdova, L., 2020. Taxonomic and functional changes in the microbiota of the white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) associated with postlarval ontogenetic development. Aquaculture 518, 734842.
Genten, F., Terwinghe, E., Danguy, A., 2009. Atlas of fish histology, Chapter 7: Digestive system. Science Publishers, Enfi eld, NH, USA, pp. 75-76.
Ghasemzadeh, A., Ghasemzadeh, N., 2011. Flavonoids and phenolic acids: Role and biochemical activity in plants and human. J. Med. Plant Res. 5, 6697-6703.
Giweli, A., Džamić, A.M., Soković, M., Ristić, M.S., Marin, P.D., 2012. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of Satureja thymbra growing wild in Libya. Molecules 17, 4836-4850.
Gómez, B., Gullón, B., Yáñez, R., Schols, H., Alonso, J., 2016. Prebiotic potential of pectins and pectic oligosaccharides derived from lemon peel wastes and sugar beet pulp: A comparative evaluation. J. Funct. Foods 20, 108-121.
Gonzáles-Peña, M.C., Anderson, A.J., Smith, D.M., Moreira, G.S., 2002. Effect of dietary cellulose on digestion in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture 211, 291-303.
Gu, M., Bai, N., Zhang, Y., Krogdahl, Å., 2016. Soybean meal induces enteritis in turbot Scophthalmus maximus at high upplementation levels. Aquaculture 464, 86-295.
Hahor, W., Thongprajukaew, K., Suanyuk, N., 2019. Effects of dietary supplementation of oligosaccharides on growth performance, gut health and immune response of hybrid catfish (Pangasianodon gigas × Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Aquaculture 507, 97-107.
Han, H.Y., Lee, S.K., Choi, B.K., Lee, D.R., Lee, H.J., Kim, T.W., 2019. Preventive effect of Citrus aurantium peel extract on high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 42, 255-260.
Han, Y., Wu, Y., Li, G., Li, M., Yan, R., Xu, Z., Lei, H., Sun, Y., Duan, X., Hu, L., Huang, R., 2021. Structural characterization and transcript-metabolite correlation network of immunostimulatory effects of sulfated polysaccharides from green alga Ulva pertusa. Food Chem. 342, 128537.
Harikrishnan, R., Thamizharasan, S., Devi, G., Doan, H.V., Kumar, T.T.A., Hoseinifar, S.H., Balasundaram, C., 2020. Dried lemon peel enriched diet improves antioxidant activity, immune response and modulates immuno-antioxidant genes in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas sorbia. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 106, 675-684.
Hoseinifar, S.H., Mirvaghefi, A., Merrifield, D.L., 2011. The effects of dietary inactive brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus on the growth, physiological responses and gut microbiota of juvenile beluga (Huso huso). Aquaculture 318, 90-94.
Hovda, M.B., Lunestad, B.T., Fontanillas, R., Rosnes, J.T., 2007. Molecular characterisation of the intestinal microbiota of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 272, 581-588.
Iji, P.A., Saki, A., Tivey, D.R., 2001. Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 1. Intestinal weight and mucosal development. Br. Poult. Sci. 42, 505-513.
IndexMundi, 2021. https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=fish-meal&months=240
Iristechnologygroup, 2019. Agrocycle. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.agrocycleapp&hl=zh_TW
Iwakura, J., Ishigame, H., 2006. The IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammation. J. Clin. Investig. 116, 1218-1221.
Janati, S.S.F., Beheshti, H.R., Feizy, J., Fahim, N.K., 2012. Chemical composition of lemon (Citrus limon) and peels its considerations as animal food. GIDA-J. Food 37, 267-271.
Kraugerud, O.F., Penn, M., Storebakken, T., Refstie, S., Krogdahl, Å., Svihus, B., 2007. Nutrient digestibilities and gut function in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with cellulose or non-starch polysaccharides from soy. Aquaculture 273, 96-107.
Lane, M., Howland, G., West, M., Hockey, M., Marx, W., Loughman, A., O’Hely, M., Jacka, F., Rocks, T., 2020. The effect of ultra-processed very low-energy diets on gut microbiota and metabolic outcomes in individuals with obesity: A systematic literature review. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 14, 197-204.
Lee, P.P., Lin, Y.H., Chen, M.C., Chen, W., 2017. Dietary administration of sodium alginate ameliorated stress and promoted immune resistance of grouper Epinephelus coioides under cold stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 65, 127-135.
Lee, S.M., Kim, K.D., Lall, S.P., 2003. Utilization of glucose, maltose, dextrin and cellulose by juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture 221, 427-438.
Leite, A.M., Lima, E.O., Souza, E.L., Diniz, M.F.F.M., Trajano, V.N., Medeiros, I.A., 2007. Inhibitory effect of β-pinene, α-pinene and eugenol on the growth of potential infectious endocarditis causing Gram-positive bacteria. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 43, 121-126.
Li, J.H., Shyu, S.L., 2013. The antioxidative activity of lemon peel extracts. Taiwan. J. Agric. Chem. Food Sci. 51, 195-203.
Li, L., Shi, C.F., Yin, Z.Q., Jia, R.Y., Peng, L.C., Kang S., Li, Z.W., 2014. Antibacterial activity of α-terpineol may induce morphostructural alterations in Escherichia coli. Braz. J. Microbiol. 45, 1409-1413.
Libanori, M.C.M., Santos, G.G., Pereira, S.A., Lopes, G.R., Owatari, M.S., Soligo, T.A., Yamashita, E., Pereira, U.P., Martins, M.L., Mouriño, J.L.P., 2021. Dietary supplementation with benzoic organic acid improves the growth performance and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B). Aquaculture 545, 737204.
Lin, Y.H., Cheng, M.Y., 2017. Effects of dietary organic acid supplementation on the growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal histology of the giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus fed a diet with soybean meal. Aquaculture 469, 106-111.
Lin, Y.H., Lu, R.M., 2020. Dietary taurine supplementation enhances growth and nutrient digestibility in giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus fed a diet with soybean meal. Aquacult. Rep. 18, 100464.
Lim, S.M., Lee, N.K., Paik, H.D., 2020. Antibacterial and anticavity activity of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 200661 isolated from fermented foods against Streptococcus mutans. LWT 118, 108840.
Liu, H., Fu, S., Zhang, S., Ding, M., Wang, A., 2020. Lead induces structural damage, microbiota dysbiosis and cell apoptosis in the intestine of juvenile bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Aquaculture 528, 735573.
Liu, J., Zhang, P., Wang, B., Lu, Y., Li, L., Li, Y., Liu, S., 2022. Evaluation of the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides as immunostimulants on the immune response of crucian carp and against SVCV in vitro and in vivo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 253, 109249.
Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using realtime quantitative PCR and the －△△CT method. Methods 25, 402-408.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193, 265–275.
Lu, J., Qi, C., Limbu, S.M., Han, F., Yang, L., Wang, X., Qin, J.G., Chen, L., 2019. Dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) improves growth performance, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and intestinal histology of juvenile Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). Aquaculture 510, 337-346.
M’hiri, N., Ghali, R., Nasr, I.B., Boudhrioua, N., 2018. Effect of different drying processes on functional properties of industrial lemon byproduct. Process Saf. Environ. 116, 450-460.
Ma, Q., Li, L.Y., Le, J.Y., Lu, D.L., Qiao, F., Zhang, M.L., Du, Z.Y., Li, D.L., 2018. Dietary microencapsulated oil improves immune function and intestinal health in Nile tilapia fed with high-fat diet. Aquaculture 496, 19-29.
Manzanillo, P., Eidenschenk, C., Ouyang, W., 2015. Deciphering the crosstalk among IL-1β and IL-10 family cytokines in intestinal immunity. Trends Immunol. 36, 471-478.
Masmoudi, M., Besbes, S., Chaabouni, M., Robert, C., Paquot, M., Blecker, C., Attia, H., 2008. Optimization of pectin extraction from lemon by-product with acidified date juice using response surface methodology. Carbohydr. Polym. 74, 185-192.
Mehrabi, Z., Firouzbakhsh, F., Jafarpour, A., 2012. Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotic on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and carcass composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl) 96, 474-481.
Merrifield, D.L., Dimitroglou, A., Foey, A., Davies, S.J., Baker, R.T.M., Bøgwald, J., Castex, M., Ringø, E., 2010. The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids. Aquaculture 302, 118.
Mitchell, S.L., Simner, P.J., 2019. Next-generation sequencing in clinical microbiology: Are we there yet?. Clin. Lab. Med. 39, 405-418.
Mohammadian, T., Nasirpour, M., Tabandeh, M.R., Mesbah, M., 2019. Synbiotic effects of β-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide and Lactobacillus casei on growth performance, intestine enzymes activities, immunehematological parameters and immune-related gene expression in common carp, Cyprinus carpio: An experimental infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture 511, 634197.
Nakamura, A., Hara, Y., Kawano, T., 2017. Dewatering and extraction of hydrophilic solutes and essential oils from cryopreserved lemon peels using liquefied dimethyl ether. Solvent Extr. Res. Dev., Jpn. 24, 37-45.
Ngugi, C.C., Oyoo-Okoth, E., Muchiri, M., 2016. Effects of dietary levels of essential oil (EO) extract from bitter lemon (Citrus limon) fruit peels on growth, biochemical, haemato-immunological parameters and disease resistance in Juvenile Labeo victorianus fingerlings challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquacult. Res. 48, 2253-2265.
Nimmanapalli, R., Sharmila, C., Reddy, P.G., 2010. Immunomodulation of caprine lentiviral infection by interleukin-16. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 33, 529-536.
Njoku, V.I. and Evbuomwan, B.O., 2014. Analysis and comparative study of essential oil extracted from nigerian orange, lemon and lime peels. Greener J. Chem. Sci. Tech. 1, 6-14.
NRC (National Research Council), 2011. Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. National Academic Press, Washington, DC.
Obach, A., Quentel, C., Laurencin, F.B., 1993. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and dietary oxidized fish oil on the immune response of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Dis. Aquat. Org. 15, 175-185.
Odun-Ayo, F., Mellem, J., Reddy, L., 2017. The effect of modified citrus pectin-probiotic on faecal lactobacilli in Balb/c mice. Food Sci. Technol 37, 478-482.
Park, C.H., Jung, H.K., Jeong, Y.S, Hong, J.H., 2011. Effects of Citrus peel ethanol extract on the serum lipid and body fat of high-fat-diet-fed rats. Korean J. Food Preserv. 18, 567-574.
Pascale, A., Marchesi, N., Govoni, S., Barbieri, A., 2020. Targeting the microbiota in pharmacology of psychiatric disorders. Pharmacol. Res. 157, 104856.
Pompilio, A., Di Bonaventura, G., Gherardi, G., 2019. An overview on Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex isolates: identification to the species/subspecies level and antibiotic resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 480.
Puangkaew, J., Kiron, V., Somamoto, T., Okamoto, N., Satoh, S., Takeuchi, T., Watanabe, T., 2004. Nonspecific immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) in relation to different status of vitamin E and highly unsaturated fatty acids. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 16, 25-39.
Rahimnejad, S., Guardiola, F.A., Leclercq, E., Esteban, M.Á., Castex, M., Sotoudeh, E., Lee, S.M., 2018. Effects of dietary supplementation with Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M, galactooligosaccharide and their synbiotic on growth, innate immunity and disease resistance of rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture 482, 36-44.
Rahman, A.N., ElHady, M., Shalaby, S., 2019. Efficacy of the dehydrated lemon peels on the immunity, enzymatic antioxidant capacity and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquaculture 505, 92-97.
Rahmani, Z., Khodaiyan, F., Kazemi, M., Sharifan, A., 2020. Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and structural characterization of pectin from sweet lemon peel. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 147, 1107-1115.
Ren, S., Cai, C., Cui, G., Ni, Q., Jiang, R., Su, X., Wang, Q., Chen, W., Zhang, J., Wu, P., Lu, J., Ye, Y., 2020. High dosages of pectin and cellulose cause different degrees of damage to the livers and intestines of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Aquaculture 514, 734445.
Ringø, E., Gatesoupe, F.J., 1998. Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review. Aquaculture 160, 177-203.
Rizzo, A., Losacco, A., Carratelli, C.R., Domenico, M.D., Bevilacqua, N., 2013. Lactobacillus plantarum reduces Streptococcus pyogenes virulence by modulating the IL-17, IL-23 and Toll-like receptor 2/4 expressions in human epithelial cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 17, 453-461.
Roberts, R.J., 2002. Nutritional Pathology. In: Halver, J.E. and Hardy R.W. (Ed.), Fish Nutrition, 3rd edn., Academic Press, New York, pp. 454-500.
Ros, J.M., Schols, H.A., Voragen, A.G.J., 1996. Extraction, characterisation, and enzymatic degradation of lemon peel pectins. Carbohydr. Res. 282, 271-284.
Russo, M., Bonaccorsi, I., Torre, G., Sarò, M., Dugo, P., Mondello, L., 2014. Underestimated sources of flavonoids, limonoids and dietary fibre: Availability in lemon’s by-products. J. Funct. Foods 9, 18-26.
Safari, R., Hoseinifar, S.H., Imanpour, M.R., Mazandarani, M., Sanchouli, H., Paolucci, M., 2020. Effects of dietary polyphenols on mucosal and humoral immune responses, antioxidant defense and growth gene expression in beluga sturgeon (Huso huso). Aquaculture 528, 735494.
Silva, V.M., Viotto, L.A., 2010. Drying of sicilian lemon residue: influence of process variables on the evaluation of the dietary fiber produced. Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., Campinas 30, 421-428.
Silva, A.C.R., Lopes, P.M., Azevedo, M.M.B., Costa, D.C.M., Alviano, C.S., Alviano, D.A., 2012. Biological activities of α-pinene and β-pinene enantiomers. Molecules 17, 6305-6316. Antibiotics 9, 478.
Song, Q.H., Kobayashi, T., Xiu, L.M., Hong, T., Cyong, J.C., 2000. Effects of astragali root and hedysari root on the murine B and T cell differentiation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73, 111-119.
Srivastava, N., Ellepola, K., Venkiteswaran, N., Chai, L.Y.A., Ohshima, T., Seneviratne, C.J., 2020. Lactobacillus Plantarum 108 inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans mixed-species biofilm formation.
Suganya, K., Koo, B.S., 2020. Gut–brain axis: role of gut microbiota on neurological disorders and how probiotics/prebiotics beneficially modulate microbial and immune pathways to improve brain functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 7551.
Sulieman, A.M.E., Khodari, K.M.Y., Salih, Z.A., 2013. Extraction of Pectin from Lemon and Orange Fruits Peels and Its Utilization in Jam Making. Int. J. Nutr. Eng. 3, 81-84.
Sun, S., Su, Y., Yu, H., Ge, X., Zhang, C., 2020. Starvation affects the intestinal microbiota structure and the expression of inflammatory-related genes of the juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Aquaculture 517, 734764.
Tinh, T.H., Elayaraja, S., Mabrok, M., Gallantiswara, P.C.D., Vuddhakul, V., Rodkhum, C., 2021. Antibacterial spectrum of synthetic herbal-based polyphenols against Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from diseased Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in Thailand. Aquaculture 533, 736070.
Toop, T.A., Ward, S., Oldfield, T., Hull, M., Kirby, M.E., Theodoroou, M.K., 2017. AgroCycle – developing a circular economy in agriculture. Energy Procedia 123, 76-80.
Tseng, Y.Y., Lin, Y.H., 2020. Effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the growth, fatty acid profiles and some lipid metabolism relative gene expressions of orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. Aquacult. Nutr. 26, 201-210.
Tusche, K., Wuertz, S., Susenbeth, A., Schulz, C., 2011. Feeding fish according to organic aquaculture guidelines EC 710/2009: Influence of potato protein concentrates containing various glycoalkaloid levels on health status and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 319, 122-131.
Uchiyama, M. and Mihara, M., 1978. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal. Biochem. 86, 271-278.
Vaio, C.D., Graziani, G., Gaspari, A., Scaglione, G., Nocerino, S., Ritieni, A., 2010. Essential oils content and antioxidant properties of peel ethanol extract in 18 lemon cultivars. Sci. Hortic. 126, 50-55.
Viana, M.T., Rombenso, A.N., Rio-Zaragoza, O.B.D., Nomura, M., Díaz-Argüello, R., Mata-Sotres, J.A., 2019. Intestinal impairment of the California yellowtail, Seriola dorsalis, using soybean meal in the diet. Aquaculture 513, 734443.
Victor, H., Zhao, B., Mu, Y., Dai, X.X., Wen, Z.S., Gao, Y., Chu, Z.J., 2019. Effects of Se-chitosan on the growth performance and intestinal health of the loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage). Aquaculture 498, 263-270.
Wang, T., Secombes, C.J., 2013. The cytokine networks of adaptive immunity in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 35, 1703-1718.
Wang, Y., Xu, L., Sun, X., Wan, X., Sun, G., Jiang, R., Li, W., Tian, Y., Liu., X., Kang, X., 2020a. Characteristics of the fecal microbiota of high- and low-yield hens and effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on egg production performance. Res. Vet. Sci. 129, 164-173.
Wang, X., Tang, B., Luo, X., Ke, C., Huang, M., You, W., Wang, T., 2020b. Effects of temperature, diet and genotype-induced variations on the gut microbiota of abalone. Aquaculture 524, 735269.
Westfall, S., Pasinetti, G., 2019. Design of a novel synbiotic formulation to optimize gut-derived phenolic acid mediated gut-brain axis signals for the treatment of stress-induced depression and anxiety (OR23-03-19). Curr. Dev. Nutr. 3, Supplement_1. https://academic.oup.com/cdn/article/3/Supplement_1/nzz040.OR23-03-19/5516617
Willemsen, K.L.D.D. Panozzo, A., Moelants, K., Wallecan, J., Hendrickx, M., 2020. Towards improved understanding of the viscoelastic properties of functionalized lemon peel fibers in suspension based on microstructure, hydration value and swelling volume. Int. J. Food Eng. 278, 109950.
Wilson, R.P., 2002. Amino Acids and Proteins. In: Halver, J.E. and Hardy R.W. (Ed.), Fish Nutrition, 3rd edn., Academic Press, New York, pp. 143-179.
Wongsasak, U., Chaijamrus, S., Kumkhong, S., Boonanuntanasarn, S., 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation with β-glucan and synbiotics on immune gene expression and immune parameters under ammonia stress in Pacific white shrimp. Aquaculture 436, 179-187.
Wu, H., Ma, Y., Peng, X., Qiu, W., Kong, L., Ren, B., Li, M., Cheng, G., Zhou, X., Cheng, L., 2020. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of the rat oral and gut microbiota and resistance to Salmonella. Arch. Oral Biol. 114, 104730.
Wu, D., Ye, X., Linhardt, R.J., Liu, X., Zhu, K., Yu, C., Ding, T., Liu, D., He, Q., Chen, S., 2021. Dietary pectic substances enhance gut health by its polycomponent: A review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 20, 2015-2039.
Xu, G.H., Chen, J.C., Liu, D.H., Zhang, Y.H., Jiang, P., Ye, X.Q., 2008. Minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of citrus peel extract by hot water. J. Food Sci. 73, 11-18.
Yeh, S.P., Shiu, P.J., Guei, W.C., Lin, Y.H., Liu, C.H., 2015. Improvement in lipid metabolism and stress tolerance of juvenile giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), fed supplemental choline. Aquacult. Rep. 46, 1810-1821.
Yong, S.K.A., AbangZamhari, D.N.J.B., Shapawi, R., Zhuo, L.C., Lin, Y.H., 2020. Physiological changes of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) fed with high plant protein with and without supplementnatio of organic acid. Aquacult. Rep. 18, 100499.
Yu, K., Huang, K., Jiang, S., Tang, X., Huang, X., Sun, L., Pang, L., Mo, C., 2021. Protective function on liver and proteomic analysis of the improvement mechanism of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Nile tilapia. Aquaculture 531, 735977.
Zareef, R., Younis, Y., Mahfouz, R., 2020. Inflammatory bowel disease: A key role for microbiota?. Meta Gene 25, 100713.
Zhang, C.N., Tian, H.Y., Li, X.F., Zhu, J., Cai, D.S., Xu, X., Wang, F., Zhang, D.D., Liu, W.B., 2014. The effects of fructooligosaccharide on the immune response, antioxidant capability and HSP70 and HSP90 expressions in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Yih) under high heat stress. Aquaculture 433, 458-466.
Zhang, W., Tan, B., Ye, G., Wang, J., Dong, X., Yang, Q., Chi, S., Liu, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., 2019. Identification of potential biomarkers for soybean meal-induced enteritis in juvenile pearl gentian grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀. Aquaculture 512, 734337.
Zhao, R., Symonds, J.E., Walker, S.P., Steiner, K., Carter, C.G., Bowman, J.P., Nowak, B.F., 2020. Salinity and fish age affect the gut microbiota of farmed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture 528, 735539.