水稻(Oryza sativa L.)為禾本科的單子葉植物，是全球最重要的糧食作物之一，產量僅次於小麥和玉米，其栽培需要大量的肥料，特別是緩效基底肥料。肥料若施用過量，會導致土壤中的氮含量過高，經常會造成水稻結穗期出現倒伏的狀況，並伴隨著蟲害與疾病，嚴重的影響產量及品質，並且引發許多環境問題，導致當地生態系統退化。為改善慣行農法所帶來的問題，本研究利用益生菌與水稻強化栽培系統 ( System of Probiotic and Rice Intensification，簡稱SPRI )中所強調的灌溉系統與合理化施肥的重要性，於2018年至2020年連續五個水稻栽培期，並搭配離子層析儀測定土壤中營養離子與次世代定序(Next Generation Sequencing，簡稱NGS)了解土壤微生物組成，探討整個栽培季中水稻生長四個時段，即分糵期、抽穗期、開花期以及黃熟期中的土壤成分的變化，以了解在灌溉系統、合理化施肥以及益生菌添加的搭配下，對水稻產量與土壤化學、生物性質的影響。2018第一期作研究結果顯示SPRI農法系統的葉綠素和穀粒蛋白質含量較慣行農法明顯提高，此結果為SPRI農法系統可以增加生物量訂定良好的方向。2018第二期作至2019第二期作等三期稻作中，以SPRI+50%化肥(chemical fertilizer，簡稱CF)為最高產量，其中甚至於2018第二期作增加了約66%的產量，在2019兩個期作中也分別增加25%和13%。而穀物蛋白質以最大施肥量的慣行農法為最高含量，而穀物中過多的蛋白質會降低水稻的外觀和品質。 2019第一期作的土壤微生物群落分析以SPRI+50％CF為三者中最高物種豐度，而生物多樣性則以SPRI+25%CF為最高值，確定生物肥料應用的潛力。SPRI栽培法讓益生菌通過間歇性供水有效地將肥料輸送到田間不同位置，有效改善土壤的化學和生物性質，同時更容易分解土壤中的養分，有利於水稻有效的吸收，使肥料更有效地利用。因此，本研究中的 SPRI+50%CF處理組是最好的結果，為可持續農業提供了創新建議。除了減少 50% 以上的化肥用量和節約農業用水外，它還可以提高產量、改善稻米質量和增加土壤可持續性。

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a monocotyledonous flowering plant of the Poaceae family. It is one of the most important food crops in the world. Its production is second only to wheat and corn. Its cultivation requires a lot of fertilizers, especially slow-acting basal fertilizers. Excessive application will lead to high nitrogen content in the soil, often leading to lodging of rice during the fruiting period, accompanied by pests and diseases, seriously affecting the yield and quality, causing many environmental problems and leading to the degradation of the local ecosystem. To improve the problems caused by traditional farming methods, this study assessed soil nutrients for five consecutive rice planting seasons from 2018 to 2020 using the importance of irrigation systems and rational fertilization in the systems of probiotic and rice intensive farming (SPRI). Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology and ion chromatography, the soil composition of four rice growth stages (seedling stage, booting stage, flowering stage and yellow maturity stage) during the rice planting season was explored. To understand the effects of irrigation system, rational fertilization and addition of probiotics on rice growth and soil chemical and biological properties. Results for the first quarter of 2018 showed that SPRI farming had significantly higher chlorophyll and grain protein content than customary farming. This result points the way for SPRI agricultural methods to increase biomass. From the second quarter of 2018 to the second quarter of 2019, the production of SPRI+50% chemical fertilizer (CF) was the highest, and even the production in the second quarter of 2018 increased by about 66%. The two planting periods in 2019 also increased by 25% and 13%, respectively. For grain protein, customary farming practices with the highest fertilization rates are the highest concentration, and too much protein in grains reduced the appearance and quality of rice. In the first quarter of 2019, the soil microbial community analysis took SPRI+50% CF as the highest species abundance among the three, and the biodiversity took SPRI+25% CF as the highest value, which determined the potential of biological fertilizer application. The SPRI cultivation method allows probiotics to effectively transport fertilizers to different positions in the field through intermittent water supply, effectively improving the chemical and biological properties of the soil, and at the same time, it is easier to decompose the nutrients in the soil, which is conducive to the effective absorption of rice and makes fertilizers more efficient. Therefore, the SPRI+50% CF treatment group in this study was the best result, providing innovative recommendations for sustainable agriculture. In addition to reducing fertilizer use by more than 50% and saving agricultural water, it can also increase yields, improve rice quality and soil sustainability.

丁文彥、林家玉、侯雅玲. 2017. 水稻新品種臺東35 號之育成. 臺東區農業改良場研究彙報，23 : 1-16.
丁文彥. 2015. 臺東縣水稻香米品種的栽培技術. 臺東區農業專訊，94: 10-13.
江志峰. 2013. 水稻氮素對群體質量提升與產量效應. 臺中區農業改良場特刊，118 : 11-32 .
吳志文、張芯瑜、邱運全. 2011. 水稻新品種─高雄147 號 (香鑽) 之育成. 高雄區農業改良場研究彙報，22 ( 2 ):1-16 .
宋勳. 1980. 施肥法影響水稻碾米品質之研究. 臺中區農業改良場研究彙報，3 : 20-24 .
李子純、許兩順、王慶忠、鄭耀輝. 1981. 臺灣地區胡麻葉枯病低產稻田肥力改進試驗. 中華農業研究，30 : 35-49.
林大鈞、遊舜期、林思妤、周思儀、吳永培、曾文彬、王強生、劉依蓁、余祁暐. 2018. 台灣水稻誘變庫之應用性評估. 農業試驗所技術服務季刊，114:1-8.
林再發. 1998. 氮肥用量對一, 二期作水稻產量及生育性狀的影響. 台中區農業改良場研究彙報，61 : 13-23.
林家玉、丁文彥、侯雅玲. 2017. 不同氮肥及用量對水稻臺東30 號與臺東 33 號生產之影響. 臺東區農業改良場研究彙報，27 : 45-59 .
林家玉、丁文彥. 2013 池上鄉特色米品種示範及米質分析. 臺東區農業專訊，83 : 19-21.
林家玉. 2018. 臺東縣內水稻主要栽培品種 104 年至 106 年稻熱病特性檢定結果. 臺東區農業專訊，103 : 5-7.
侯秉賦、張文綺. 2015. 高雄區農業改良場 28 年有機栽培試驗研究成果回顧. 高雄區農業改良場研究彙報，26 ( 2 ) : 21-32 .
侯雅玲. 2018. 淹水對水稻生長之影響. 台東區農業專訊，102：17-21.
侯雅玲. 2019. 水稻商業品種在關山稻熱病檢定圃表現情形. 臺東區農業專訊，108 : 19-22 .
柳開樓、李亞貞、胡惠文. 2014. 長期施肥下水稻劍葉的 SPAD 值變化及其與產量的關係. 2014 年全國青年作物栽培與生理學術研討論文集.
胡智傑、謝嘉如. 2020. 高雄 147 號囊括前三強-助大寮日品有機米四度獲精饌米獎肯定. 高雄區農情月刊，275 : 2-2 .
胡智傑. 2018. 崁頂鄉農會 [稻米達人冠軍賽] 一舉成名-高雄 147 號香米展現風華. 高雄區農情月刊，253 : 2-2.
胡智傑. 2020. 高屏稻農勇冠三軍-高雄 147 號全國制霸. 高雄區農情月刊，276 : 1-1.
楊嘉凌、鄭佳綺、賴明信、吳永培、楊志維、張素貞、羅正宗、吳志文、丁文彥、宣大平. 2013. 良質米育種的演變與成果. 臺中區農業改良場特刊，119 : 37-52.
廖君達、黃守宏、戴淑美. 2013. 良質米栽培的蟲害管理. 臺中區農業改良場特刊，119 : 155-180.
廖勁穎、張繼中、黃文益. 2015. 常發生水稻窒息病田區之土壤管理. 臺東區農業專訊，92 : 13-16 .
廖勁穎. 2019. 臺東地區水稻氮肥推薦量-作物土壤管理與施肥技術 (水稻篇). 農業試驗所特刊，223 : 79-90 .
賴文龍、郭雅紋、陳玟瑾. 2012. 氮肥用量對水稻產量之影響. 臺中區農業改良場研究彙報，114 : 35-43 .
賴榮茂、侯秉賦. 2011. 有機水稻及蔬菜生產體系改進之研究. 高雄區農業改良場年報，118-123.
簡錦忠、徐水泉. 1960. 施肥對於稻熱病之發生及藥劑撒佈效果之影響-(第二報)-田間之施肥與稻熱病發生之關係. 農業試驗所， 9 ( 3 ) : 17-23.
Afzal I., Z. K. Shinwari, S. Sikandar, S. Shahzad. 2019. Plant beneficial endophytic bacteria: Mechanisms, diversity, host range and genetic determinants. Microbiological research. 221 : 36-49.
Alcantara, J. M. , K. G. Cassman, M. P. Consuelo, O. J. Bienvenido, P. L. Samuel. 1996. Effects of late nitrogen fertilizer application on head rice yield, protein content, and grain quality of rice. Cereal chem. 73 (5) : 556-560.
Alexandratos, N. 2009. World food and agriculture to 2030/50 Highlightsand Views from MID-2009. Economic and Social Development Dept. 24-26.
Ali, R., W. Ma, F. Lemtiri-Chlieh, D. Tsaltas, Q. Leng, B. S. Von, G. A. Berkowitz. 2007. Death don't have no mercy and neither does calcium: Arabidopsis CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED CHANNEL2 and innate immunity. The Plant Cell. 19 ( 3 ) : 1081-1095.
Amtmann, A., P. Armengaud. 2007. The role of calcium sensor-interacting protein kinases in plant adaptation to potassium-deficiency: new answers to old questions. Cell Research. 17 ( 6 ) : 483-485.
Andree, B. P. J., B. Rice, R. Vos, S. Kim, M. Humber, B. Dimaranan, Y. Liu, P. Läderach, J. Keniston. 2022. Can we monitor climate and food crisis risks in real time? Spatial Economics. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from the World Wide Web: ttps://www.foodsecurityportal.org/node/1870.
Andreozzi, A., P. Prieto, J. Mercado‐Blanco, S. Monaco, E. Zampieri, S. Romano, G. Valè, R. Defez, C. Bianco. 2019. Efficient colonization of the endophytes Herbaspirillum huttiense RCA24 and Enterobacter cloacae RCA25 influences the physiological parameters of Oryza sativa L. cv. Baldo rice. Environmental Microbiology. 21 ( 9 ) : 3489-3504 .
Ashley, M. K., M. Grant, A. Grabov. 2006. Plant responses to potassium deficiencies: a role for potassium transport proteins. Journal of experimental botany. 57 ( 2 ) : 425-436.
Asseng, S., F. Ewert, P. Martre, R. P. Rötter, D. B. Lobell, D. Cammarano, B. A. Kimball, M. J. Ottman, G. W. Wall, J. W. White. 2015. Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production. Nature climate change. 5 ( 2 ) : 143-147.
Ata-Ul-Karim, S. T., Y. Zhu, Q. Cao, M.I.A. Rehmani, W. Cao, L. Tang. 2017. In-season assessment of grain protein and amylose content in rice using critical nitrogen dilution curve. European Journal of Agronomy. 90 : 139-151.
Baligar, VC, N.K. Fageria, Z.L. He. 2001. Nutrient use efficiency in plants. Communications in soil science and plant analysis. 32 ( 7-8 ) : 921-950.
Bandumula, N. 2018. Rice production in Asia: Key to global food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 88 : 1323-1328.
Banik, P., A. Midya, B.K. Sarkar, S.S. Ghose. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of agronomy. 24 ( 4 ) : 325-332.
Banuelos, M. A., B. Garciadeblas, B. Cubero, A. Rodrıguez-Navarro. 2002. Inventory and functional characterization of the HAK potassium transporters of rice. Plant Physiology. 130 ( 2 ) : 784-795.
Bassil, E., E. Blumwald. 2014. The ins and outs of intracellular ion homeostasis: NHX-type cation/H+ transporters. Current opinion in plant biology. 22 : 1-6.
Bhattacharyya, P. N., and D. K. Jha. 2012. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence in agriculture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 28 ( 4 ) : 1327-1350.
Bianco, C., A. Andreozzi, S. Romano, C. Fagorzi, L. Cangioli, P. Prieto, F. Cisse, O. Niangado, A. Sidibé, S. Pianezze, Silvia. 2021. Endophytes from african rice (Oryza glaberrima L.) efficiently colonize asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) stimulating the activity of its antioxidant enzymes and increasing the content of nitrogen, carbon, and chlorophyll. Microorganisms. 9 ( 8 ) : 1714.
Bilğiç Alkaya D., S. Ayaz Seyhan, G. Guven. 2019. Simultaneous Determination of Seven Inorganic Anions in 18 Wines Samples by Suppressed Ion Chromatography. Chiang Mai Journal Of Science. 46 : 62-71.
Bressan, W. 2003. Biological control of maize seed pathogenic fungi by use of actinomycetes. BioControl. 48 : 233-240.
Campbell, B. J., S.W. Polson, T.E. Hanson, Mack, Michelle C., Schuur, Edward AG. 2010. The effect of nutrient deposition on bacterial communities in Arctic tundra soil. Environmental microbiology. 12 ( 7 ) : 1842-1854.
Cao, X., L. Wu, R. Lu, L. Zhu, J. Zhang, Q. Jin. 2021. Irrigation and fertilization management to optimize rice yield, water productivity and nitrogen recovery efficiency. Irrigation Science. 39 ( 2 ) : 235-249.
Cao, X., C. Zhong, H. Sajid, L. Zhu, J. Zhang, L. Wu, Jin, Q. 2017. Effects of watering regime and nitrogen application rate on the photosynthetic parameters, physiological characteristics, and agronomic traits of rice. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 39 : 135.
Cassman, K. G., A.R. Dobermann, Walters, D. T., Yang, H. 2003. Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality. Agronomy--Faculty Publications. 28 : 315-358.
Cataldi, T. R. I., G. Margiotta, A. Del Fiore, Bufo, Sabino A., 2003. Ionic content in plant extracts determined by ion chromatography with conductivity detection. Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques. 14 ( 3 ) : 176-183.
Chang, F., A. Yan, L.N. Zhao, W.H. Wu, Z.Yang, 2007. A putative calcium‐permeable cyclic nucleotide‐gated channel, CNGC18, regulates polarized pollen tube growth. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 49 ( 8 ) : 1261-1270.
Chao, Dai-Yin, and H.X. Lin. 2015. Nitrogen-use efficiency: Transport solution in rice variations. Nature Plants. 1 : 15096.
Chauhan, B. S., K. Jabran, G. Mahajan. 2017. Rice production worldwide. ISBN: 978-3-319-47516-5.
Chen, Z.C., N. Yamaji, R. Motoyama, Y. Nagamura, Ma, J. F. 2012. Up-regulation of a magnesium transporter gene OsMGT1 is required for conferring aluminum tolerance in rice. Plant Physiology. 159 ( 4 ) : 1624-1633.
Chhabra, A.K., S.K. Sethi. 1989. Contribution and association of awns and flag-leaf with yield and its components in durum wheat. Cereal Research Communications. 17 ( 3-4 ) : 265-271.
Compant, S., B. Duffy, J. Nowak, C. Clément, Barka, E. A. 2005. Use of plant growth-promoting bacteria for biocontrol of plant diseases: principles, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. Applied and environmental microbiology. 71 ( 9 ) : 4951-4959.
Contreras, R. A., M. Pizarro, H. Köhler, P. Zamora, Zúñiga, G. E. 2019. UV-B shock induces photoprotective flavonoids but not antioxidant activity in Antarctic Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. Environmental and experimental botany. 159 : 179-190.
Coombs, J. T., C. M. M. Franco. 2003. Isolation and identification of actinobacteria from surface-sterilized wheat roots. Applied and environmental microbiology. 69 ( 9 ) : 5603-5608.
Cui, Z., F. Zhang, Z. Dou, M. Yuxin, Q. Sun, Chen, X., Li, J., Ye, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, Q. 2009. Regional evaluation of critical nitrogen concentrations in winter wheat production of the North China Plain. Agronomy journal. 101 ( 1 ) : 159-166.
De Datta, S.K. 1986. Improving nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in lowland rice in tropical Asia. Nitrogen economy of flooded rice soils. 26 : 171-186.
Dedysh, S. N., and J. S. S. Damsté. 2018. Acidobacteria. Els. Retrieved January 22, 2018, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0027685.
Deeken, R., D. Geiger, J. Fromm, O. Koroleva, P. Ache, Langenfeld-Heyser, R., Sauer, N., May, S. T., Hedrich, R. 2002. Loss of the AKT2/3 potassium channel affects sugar loading into the phloem of Arabidopsis. Planta. 216 ( 2 ) : 334-344.
Diouf, J. 2009. FAO’s director-general on how to feed the world in 2050. Popul. Dev. Rev. 35 : 837-839.
Donatelli, M., R. D. Magarey, S. Bregaglio, L. Willocquet, Whish, J. P. M., Savary, S. 2017. Modelling the impacts of pests and diseases on agricultural systems. Agricultural systems. 155 : 213-224.
Dubois, O. 2011. The state of the world's land and water resources for food and agriculture: managing systems at risk. FAO. ISBN : 9781849713276.
Edwards, J., C. Johnson, C. Santos-Medellín, E. Lurie, N.K. Podishetty, S. Bhatnagar, J. A. Eisen, and V. Sundaresan. 2015. Structure, variation, and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes of rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(8): E911–E920.
Egamberdieva, D., S. J. Wirth, A. A. Alqarawi, Abd-Allah, E. F., Hashem, A. 2017. Phytohormones and beneficial microbes: essential components for plants to balance stress and fitness. Frontiers in microbiology. Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions. Retrieved October January 31, 2017, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02104.
Elbasiouny, H., F. Elbehiry. 2020. Rice production in Egypt: the challenges of climate change and water deficiency. Springer Water. Climate change impacts on agriculture and food security in Egypt. 295-319.
Emmett, B. D., D. H. Buckley, L. E. Drinkwater. 2020. Plant growth rate and nitrogen uptake shape rhizosphere bacterial community composition and activity in an agricultural field. New Phytologist. 225 ( 2 ) : 960-973.
Emmett, B. D., N. D. Youngblut, D. H. Buckley, Drinkwater, L. E. 2017. Plant phylogeny and life history shape rhizosphere bacterial microbiome of summer annuals in an agricultural field. Frontiers in microbiology. Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb. 2017.02414.
Eriksen, J., J.V. Mortensen. 2002. Effects of timing of sulphur application on yield, S-uptake and quality of barley. Plant and Soil. 242 ( 2 ) : 283-289.
Fahad, S., M. Alam, I. A. Khan, H. Ullah, F. Wahid, I. A. Mian., Jamal, Y. 2019. Major constraints for global rice production. Advances in rice research for abiotic stress tolerance. 1-22.
Farhat, N., A. Elkhouni, W. Zorrig, A. Smaoui, Abdelly, C., Rabhi, M. 2016. Effects of magnesium deficiency on photosynthesis and carbohydrate partitioning. Acta physiologiae plantarum. 38 : 145.
Fierer, N., R. B. Jackson. 2006. The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 ( 3 ) : 626-631.
Fiorentini, M., S. Zenobi, E. Giorgini, D. Basili, C. Conti, Pro, Chiara., Monaci, E., Orsini, R. 2019. Nitrogen and chlorophyll status determination in durum wheat as influenced by fertilization and soil management: Preliminary results. PloS One. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0225126.
Fuchs, I., S. Stölzle, N. Ivashikina, R. Hedrich . 2005 Rice K+ uptake channel OsAKT1 is sensitive to salt stress. Planta. 221 ( 2 ) : 212-221.
Garciadeblás, B., M. E. Senn, M. A. Bañuelos., Rodríguez‐Navarro, A. 2003. Sodium transport and HKT transporters: the rice model. The Plant Journal. 34 ( 6 ) : 788-801.
Gilliham, M., M. Dayod, B. J. Hocking, B. Xu, Conn, S. J., Kaiser, B. N., Leigh, R. A., Tyerman, S. D. 2011. Calcium delivery and storage in plant leaves: exploring the link with water flow. Journal of experimental botany. 62 ( 7 ) : 2233-2250.
González-Fontes, A., M. T. Navarro-Gochicoa, Ceacero, C. J., Herrera-Rodríguez, M. B., Camacho-Cristóbal, J. J., Rexach, J. 2017. Understanding calcium transport and signaling, and its use efficiency in vascular plants. Plant Macronutrient Use Efficiency. 165-180.
Greetatorn, T., S. Hashimoto, S. Sarapat, Tittabutr, P., Boonkerd, N., Uchiumi, Teaumroong, N. 2019. Empowering rice seedling growth by endophytic Bradyrhizobium sp. SUTN 9‐2. Letters in applied microbiology. 68 ( 3 ) : 258-266.
Gunaratne, M. S., R. B. Radin Firdaus, Rathnasooriya, S. I. 2021. Climate change and food security in Sri Lanka: towards food sovereignty. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 8 : 229.
Gupta, B., B. Huang. 2014. Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. International journal of genomics. Retrieved April 03, 2014, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/701596.
Gupta, S., S. Pandey. 2019. ACC deaminase producing bacteria with multifarious plant growth promoting traits alleviates salinity stress in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. Frontiers in Microbiology . Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions. Retrieved July 09, 2019, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01506 .
Haddad, P.R., P. N. Nesterenko, W. Buchberger. 2008. Recent developments and emerging directions in ion chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. 1184 ( 1-2 ) : 456-473.
Haefele, S. M., A. Nelson, R. J. Hijmans. 2014. Soil quality and constraints in global rice production. Geoderma. 235-236 : 250-259.
Hao, X., C. M. Cho, G. J. Racz, C. Chang. 2002. Chemical retardation of phosphate diffusion in an acid soil as affected by liming. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 64 ( 3 ) : 213-224.
Harwood, J. 2020. Could the adverse consequences of the green revolution have been foreseen? How experts responded to unwelcome evidence. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 44 ( 4 ) : 509-535.
Harwood, J. 2020. Whatever happened to the Mexican green revolution? Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 44 ( 9 ) : 1243-1252.
He, G., Z. Wang, Z. Cui . 2020. Managing irrigation water for sustainable rice production in China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 245 : 118928.
Held, K., F. Pascaud, C. Eckert, P. Gajdanowicz, Hashimoto, K., Corratgé-Faillie, C., Offenborn, J. N., Lacombe, B., Dreyer, I., Thibaud, J. B. 2011. Calcium-dependent modulation and plasma membrane targeting of the AKT2 potassium channel by the CBL4/CIPK6 calcium sensor/protein kinase complex. Cell research. 21 ( 7 ) : 1116-1130.
Henry, R. J. 2019. Australian wild rice populations: A key resource for global food security. Frontiers in Plant Science. Sec. Plant Breeding. Retrieved October 22, 2019, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01354.
Hepler, P. K., L. J. Winship . 2010. Calcium at the cell wall‐cytoplast interface. Journal of integrative plant biology. 52 ( 2 ) : 147-160.
Hermans, C., S. J. Conn, J. Chen, Q. Xiao, Verbruggen, N. 2013. An update on magnesium homeostasis mechanisms in plants. Metallomics. 5 ( 9 ) : 1170-1183.
Hertel, T. W. 2018. Climate change, agricultural trade and global food security. The state of agricultural commodity markets (SOCO). ISBN 978-92-5-131029-8.
Hinsinger, P. 2001. Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review. Plant and soil. 237 ( 2 ) : 173-195.
Horie, T., D. E. Brodsky, A. Costa, T. Kaneko, Lo Schiavo, F., Katsuhara, M., Schroeder, J. I. 2011. K+ transport by the OsHKT2., 4 transporter from rice with atypical Na+ transport properties and competition in permeation of K+ over Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. Plant Physiology. 156 ( 3 ) : 1493-1507.
Horie, T., A. Costa, T. H. Kim, M. J. Han, R. Horie, Leung, H.Y., Miyao, A., Hirochika, H., An, G., Schroeder, J. I. 2007. Rice OsHKT2., 1 transporter mediates large Na+ influx component into K+‐starved roots for growth. The EMBO journal. 26 ( 12 ) : 3003-3014.
Horie, T., K. Yoshida, H. Nakayama, K. Yamada, Oiki, S., Shinmyo, A. 2001. Two types of HKT transporters with different properties of Na+ and K+ transport in Oryza sativa. The Plant Journal. 27 ( 2 ) : 129-138.
Hovanec, T. A., L. T. Taylor, A. Blakis, Delong, E. F. 1998. Nitrospira-like bacteria associated with nitrite oxidation in freshwater aquaria. Applied and environmental microbiology. 64 ( 1 ) : 258-264.
Hu, C.C., C. W. Lin, C. P. Hu, D. L. Keshebo, S. H. Huang, W.S. Hung, K. R. Lee, J. Y. Lai. 2022. Carbon dioxide enrichment of PDMS/PSf composite membranes for solving the greenhouse effect and food crisis. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 61 : 102011.
Hu, M., Y. Wang, P. Du, Y. Shui, A. Cai, C. Lv, Y. Bao, Y. Li, S. Li, P. Zhang. 2019. Tracing the sources of nitrate in the rivers and lakes of the southern areas of the Tibetan Plateau using dual nitrate isotopes. Science of the Total Environment 658 : 132-140.
Huang, L., X. Liu, Z. Wang, Z. Liang, M. Wang, M. Liu, Suarez, D. L. 2017. Interactive effects of pH, EC and nitrogen on yields and nutrient absorption of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Agricultural Water Management. 194 : 48-57.
Hug, L. A., B.C. Thomas, I. Sharon, Brown, C. T., Sharma, R., Hettich, R. L., Wilkins, M. J., Williams, K. H., Singh, A., Banfield, J. F. 2016. Critical biogeochemical functions in the subsurface are associated with bacteria from new phyla and little studied lineages. Environmental microbiology. 18 ( 1 ) : 159-173.
Hwang, H., J. Y. Yoon, H. Cho, B. G. Kim. 2013. OsKAT2 is the prevailing functional inward rectifier potassium channels in rice guard cell. Plant signaling and behavior. 8 ( 12 ) : e26643.
Hwang, H., J. Yoon, H. Y. Kim, M. K. Min, J. A. Kim, E. H. Choi, Lan, W., Bae, Y. M., Luan, S., Cho, H. 2013. Unique features of two potassium channels, OsKAT2 and OsKAT3, expressed in rice guard cells. PLoS One. Retrieved August 13, 2013, from the World Wide Web: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072541.
Imsande, J. 1998. Iron, sulfur, and chlorophyll deficiencies: a need for an integrative approach in plant physiology. Physiologia Plantarum. 103 ( 1 ) : 139-144.
Islam, M. S., 2019. Sensing and uptake of nitrogen in rice plant: a molecular view. Rice Science. 26 ( 6 ) : 343-355.
Jackson, P. E., 2000. Ion chromatography in environmental analysis. Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. 2779-2801.
Jankowski, K., C. Neill, E. A. Davidson, M. N. Macedo, Costa, C., Galford, G. L., Maracahipes Santos, L., Lefebvre, P., Nunes, D., Cerri, C. E. P. 2018. Deep soils modify environmental consequences of increased nitrogen fertilizer use in intensifying. Amazon agriculture. Scientific reports. 8 : 13478.
Jantke, K., M.J. Hartmann, L. Rasche, B. Blanz. Schneider, U. A. 2020. Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: Knowledge and positions of German farmers. Land. 9 (130 ) .
Jasrotia, P., A.K. Bhardwaj, S. Katare, J. Yadav, L.P. Kashyap, Kumar, S., Singh, G. P. 2021. Tillage intensity influences insect-pest and predator dynamics of wheat crop grown under different conservation agriculture practices in rice-wheat cropping system of indo-Gangetic plain. Agronomy. 11 ( 6 ) : 1087.
Karlson, U., WT. Frankenberger. 1986. Single-column ion chromatography of selenite in soil extracts. Analytical Chemistry. 58 ( 13 ) : 2704-2708.
Khatami, M. H., W. Barber, H.W. de Haan. 2021. Using geometric criteria to study helix-like structures produced in molecular dynamics simulations of single amylose chains in water. RSC advances. 11 ( 20 ) : 11992-12002.
Kim, B.G., R. Waadt, Y.H. Cheong, G.K. Pandey. Dominguez‐Solis, J. R., Schültke, S., Lee, S. C., Kudla, J., Luan, S. 2007. The calcium sensor CBL10 mediates salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal. 52 ( 3 ) : 473-484.
Kim, D.J., D.I. Lee, J. Keller. 2006. Effect of temperature and free ammonia on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in landfill leachate and analysis of its nitrifying bacterial community by FISH Bioresource technology. 97 ( 3 ) : 459-468.
Kobayashi, N.I., N. Iwata, T. Saito, H. Suzuki, Iwata, R., Tanoi, K., Nakanishi, T.M. 2013. Application of 28Mg for characterization of Mg uptake in rice seedling under different pH conditions. Journal of
Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 296 ( 1 ) : 531-534.
Kruasuwan, W., A. Thamchaipenet. 2018. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase-producing endophytic diazotrophic Enterobacter sp. EN-21 modulates salt–stress response in sugarcane. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 37 ( 3 ) : 849-858.
Neina, D. 2019. The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Applied and Environmental Soil Science. 2019 : 5794869.
Nelson, A., T.Setiyono, A.B. Rala, E.D. Quicho, J.V. Raviz, P.J. Abonete, A.A. Maunahan, C.A. Garcia, H.Z.M. Bhatti, Villano, L.S. 2014. Towards an operational SAR-based rice monitoring system in Asia: Examples from 13 demonstration sites across Asia in the RIICE project. Remote Sensing. 6 ( 11 ) : 10773-10812.
Niedzielski, P., I Kurzyca, J Siepak. 2006. A new tool for inorganic nitrogen speciation study: Simultaneous determination of ammonium ion, nitrite and nitrate by ion chromatography with post-column ammonium derivatization by Nessler reagent and diode-array detection in rain water samples. Analytica chimica acta. 577 ( 2 ) : 220-224.
Novoa, R., RS. Loomis. 1981. Nitrogen and plant production. Plant and soil. 58 ( 1 ) : 177-204.
Olanrewaju, O. S., B.R. Glick, O.O. Babalola. 2017. Mechanisms of action of plant growth promoting bacteria World. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 33 : 197.
Olatunji, D., D. Geelen, I. Verstraeten. 2017. Control of endogenous auxin levels in plant root development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 ( 12 ) : 2587.
Oren, A., G. M. Garrity. 2021. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 71 : 5056.
Ou, S.H., 1985. Rice diseases. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Central Sales, Famham Royal, Slough SL2 3BN, UK.
Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P. 2014. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. hdl: 10013/epic.45156
Pandey, G. K., Y.H. Cheong, B.G. Kim, J.J. Grant, L. Li, S. Luan. 2007. CIPK9: a calcium sensor-interacting protein kinase required for low-potassium tolerance in Arabidopsis. Cell research. 17 ( 5 ) : 411-421.
Pandey, P., R.K. Srivastava, R.S. Dubey. 2013. Salicylic acid alleviates aluminum toxicity in rice seedlings better than magnesium and calcium by reducing aluminum uptake, suppressing oxidative damage and increasing antioxidative defense. Ecotoxicology. 22 ( 4 ) : 656-670 .
Parker, Nina., M. Schneegurt, A.H. Thi Tu, B.M. Foster, P. Lister. 2016. Microbiology (OpenStax). https://openlibrary-repo.ecampusontario.ca/jspui/handle/123456789/351.
Patel, N. T., P.M. Vaghela, A.D. Patel, A.N. Pandey. 2011. Implications of calcium nutrition on the response of Caesalpinia crista (Fabaceae) to soil salinity. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 31 ( 1 ) : 24-30.
Pitzschke, A., H. Hirt. 2010. New insights into an old story: Agrobacterium‐induced tumour formation in plants by plant transformation. The EMBO Journal. 29 ( 6 ) : 1021-1032.
Quan, Ruidang., H. Lin, I. Mendoza, Y. Zhang, W. Cao, Y. Yang, M. Shang, S. Chen, J.M. Pardo, Y. Guo . 2007. SCABP8/CBL10, a putative calcium sensor, interacts with the protein kinase SOS2 to protect Arabidopsis shoots from salt stress. The Plant Cell 19. ( 4 ) : 1415-1431.
Radhapriya, P., A. Ramachandran, P. Palani . 2018. Indigenous plant growth-promoting bacteria enhance plant growth, biomass, and nutrient uptake in degraded forest plants. 3 Biotech. 8 ( 3 ) : 44571.
Ragel, P., R. Ródenas, E. García-Martín, Z. Andrés, I. Villalta, M. Nieves-Cordones, R.M. Rivero, V. Martínez, J.M. Pardo, F.J. Quintero. 2015. The CBL-interacting protein kinase CIPK23 regulates HAK5-mediated high-affinity K+ uptake in Arabidopsis roots. PlantPhysiology. 169 ( 4 ) : 2863-2873.
Riyazuddin,R.,R. Verma,K. Singh, Nisha, M. Keisham, K.K. Bhati, S.T. Kim, R. Gupta. 2020. Ethylene: A master regulator of salinity stress tolerance in plants Biomolecules. 10 ( 6 ) : 959.
Roesch, L.F.W., R.R. Fulthorpe, A. Riva, G. Casella, A.K.M. Hadwin, A.D. Kent, S. H. Daroub, F. A. O. Camargo, E. W. Triplett. 2007. Pyrosequencing enumerates and contrasts soil microbial diversity. The ISME journal. 1 ( 4 ) : 283-290.
Rousk, J., E.Bååth,P.C. Brookes, C.L. Lauber, C. Lozupone, J.G. Caporaso, R. Knight, N. Fierer . 2010. Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. The ISME journal. 4 ( 10 ) : 1340-1351.
Sait, M., K.E.R. Davis, P.H. Janssen. 2006. Effect of pH on isolation and distribution of members of subdivision 1 of the phylum Acidobacteria occurring in soil. Applied and environmental microbiology. 72 ( 3 ) : 1852-1857.
San-oh, Y., Y. Mano, T. Ookawa, T. Hirasawa. 2004. Comparison of dry matter production and associated characteristics between direct-sown and transplanted rice plants in a submerged paddy field and relationships to planting patterns. Field Crops Research. 87 ( 1 ) : 43-58.
Scherzer, S., J. Böhm, E. Krol, L. Shabala, I. Kreuzer, C. Larisch, F. Bemm, K.A.S. Al-Rasheid, S. Shabala, H. Rennenberg. 2015. Calcium sensor kinase activates potassium uptake systems in gland cells of Venus flytraps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 ( 23 ) : 7309-7314.
Schneider, A., M.A. Friedl, D. Potere. 2010. Mapping global urban areas using MODIS 500-m data: New methods and datasets based on ‘urban ecoregions’. Remote sensing of environment. 114 ( 8 ) : 1733-1746.
Schumacher, K. 2014. pH in the plant endomembrane system—an import and export business. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 22 : 71-76.
Sharma, P., A.B. Jha, R.S. Dubey, M .Pessarakli . 2012. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of botany. 2012: 217037.
Shen, H., X. Yan, M. Zhao, S. Zheng, X. Wang. 2002. Exudation of organic acids in common bean as related to mobilization of aluminum-and iron-bound phosphates. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 48 ( 1 ) : 1-7.
Shin, R. 2014. Strategies for improving potassium use efficiency in Plants. Molecules and Cells. 37 ( 8 ) : 575-584.
Silva, V., H.G.J. Mol, P. Zomer, M. Tienstra, C.J. Ritsema, V. Geissen. 2019. Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils–A hidden reality unfolded. Science of the Total Environment. 653 : 1532-1545.
Sim,Kathleen., M.J.Cox, H. Wopereis, R. Martin, J.Knol, M.S. Li, W.O.C.M. Cookson, M.F. Moffatt, J.S. Kroll. 2012. Improved detection of bifidobacteria with optimised 16S rRNA-gene based pyrosequencing. PloS one. 7 ( 3 ) : e32543.
Singh,A.,A.K. Yadav,M. Mishra, .K. Jha, V. Baranwal, A. Pandey, S. Kapoor, A.K. Tyagi, G.K. Pandey. 2014. Genome‐wide expressional and functional analysis of calcium transport elements during abiotic stress and development in rice. The FEBS journal. 281 ( 3 ) : 894-915.
Spaepen, S., J. Vanderleyden, R. Remans. 2007. Indole-3-acetic acid in microbial and microorganism-plant signaling. FEMS microbiology reviews. 31 ( 4 ) : 425-448.
Stanišić, S. M., L.M. Ignjatović, M.C. Stević, A.R. Đorđević . 2011. A comparison of sample extraction procedures for the determination of inorganic anions in soil by ion chromatography. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 76 ( 5 ) : 769-780.
Steinhorst, L., J. Kudla. 2014. Signaling in cells and organisms—calcium holds the line. Current opinion in plant biology. 22 : 14-21.
Susmita, Das., P.C. Golder. 2018. Meeting SDGs in Bangladesh with agriculture knowledge repositories. AgriRxiv. ISSN : 2791-1969. DOI : 10.31220/osf.io/e9fhp.
Tapken, D., U. Anschütz, L.H. Liu, T. Huelsken, G. Seebohm, D. Becker, M. Hollmann. 2013. A plant homolog of animal glutamate receptors is an ion channel gated by multiple hydrophobic amino acids. Science signaling. 6 : 279.
Tavares, M.J., F.X. Nascimento, B.R. Glick, M.J. Rossi . 2018. The expression of an exogenous ACC deaminase by the endophyte Serratia grimesii BXF 1 promotes the early nodulation and growth of common bean. Letters in applied microbiology. 66 ( 3 ) : 252-259.
Tegeder, M., C. Masclaux‐Daubresse. 2018. Source and sink mechanisms of nitrogen transport and use. New phytologist. 217 ( 1 ) : 35-53.
Thibaud, J.B., H. Sentenac, I. Gaillard. 2010. A grapevine Shaker inward K? channel activated by the calcineurin B-like calcium sensor 1-protein kinase CIPK23 network is expressed in grape berries under drought stress conditions. Plant J. 61 ( 1 ) : 58-69.
Thomas, D.H., M. Rey, P.E. Jackson. 2002. Determination of inorganic cations and ammonium in environmental waters by ion chromatography with a high-capacity cation-exchange column. Journal of Chromatography A. 956 ( 1-2 ) : 181-186.
Tilman, D., C. Balzer, J. Hill, B.L. Befort. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences. 108 ( 50 ) : 20260-20264.
Tremblay, N., E. Fallon, N. Ziadi. 2011. Sensing of crop nitrogen status: Opportunities, tools, limitations, and supporting information requirements. HortTechnology. 21 ( 3 ) : 274-281.
Tsukaguchi, T., S. Nitta, Y. Matsuno. 2016. Cultivar differences in the grain protein accumulation ability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Field Crops Research. 192 : 110-117.
Tuna, A. L., C. Kaya, M. Ashraf, H. Altunlu, I. Yokas, B. Yagmur. 2007. The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress.
Environmental and Experimental Botany. 59 ( 2 ) : 173-178.
Uarrota, V. G., E.R. Amante, R. Edna Regina., I.M. Demiate, F. Vieira, I. Delgadillo, M. Maraschin. 2013. Physicochemical, thermal, and pasting properties of flours and starches of eight Brazilian maize landraces (Zea mays L.) Food Hydrocolloids. 30 ( 2 ) : 614-624.
Van Der Heijden, M.G.A., R.D. Bardgett, N.M. Van Straalen. 2008. The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology letters. 11 ( 3 ) : 296-310.
Van Zelm, E., Y. Zhang, C. Testerink. 2020. Salt tolerance mechanisms of plants. Annual review of plant biology. 71 : 403-433.
Verchot, L. V., M. Van Noordwijk, S. Kandji, T. Tomich, C. Ong, A. Albrecht, J. Mackensen, C. Bantilan, K.V. Anupama, C. Palm. 2007. Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change. 12 ( 5 ) : 901-918.
Vincill, E.D., AM Bieck, EP Spalding. 2012. Ca2+ conduction by an amino acid-gated ion channel related to glutamate receptors. Plant physiology. 159 ( 1 ) : 40-46.
Vincill, E. D., A.E. Clarin, J.N. Molenda, E.P. Spalding. 2013. Interacting glutamate receptor-like proteins in phloem regulate lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell. 25 ( 4 ) : 1304-1313.
Voelker, C., J.L. Gomez‐Porras, D. Becker, S. Hamamoto, F. Gambale, B. Mueller‐Roeber, K. Czempinski, I. Dreyer. 2010. Roles of tandem‐pore K+ channels in plants–a puzzle still to be solved. Plant Biology. 12 : 56-63.
Wambugu, P.W., M.N. Ndjiondjop, R.J. Henry. 2018. Role of genomics in promoting the utilization of plant genetic resources in genebanks. Briefings in functional genomics. 17 ( 3 ) : 198-206.
Wang, C., D. Liu, E. Bai. 2018. Decreasing soil microbial diversity is associated with decreasing microbial biomass under nitrogen addition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 120 : 126-133.
Wang,M., Y. Yu,G. Haberer,P.R. Marri,C. Fan, .L. Goicoechea, A. Zuccolo, X. Song, D. Kudrna., J.S.S. Ammiraju. 2014. The genome sequence of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and evidence for independent domestication. Nature genetics. 46 ( 9 ) : 982-988.
Wang, Y.Y., Y.H. Cheng, K.E. Chen, Y.F. Tsay. 2018. Nitrate transport, signaling, and use efficiency. Annual review of plant biology. 69 : 85-122.
Wang, Z.H., S.X. Li, S. Malhi. 2008. Effects of fertilization and other agronomic measures on nutritional quality of crops. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 88 : 7-23.
Waraich, E. A., R. Ahmad, M.Y. Ashraf, Saifullah, M. Ahmad. 2011. Improving agricultural water use efficiency by nutrient management in crop plants Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B-Soil and Plant Science. 61 ( 4 ) : 291-304.
Weiland, M., S. Mancuso, F. Baluska. 2015. Signalling via glutamate and GLRs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Functional Plant Biology. 43 ( 1 ) : 1-25.
Wellburn, A. R. 1994. The spectral determination of chlorophylls a and b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. Journal of plant physiology. 144 ( 3 ) : 307-313.
Wiebe, K. 2009. How to feed the world in 2050. Insights from an expert meeting at FAO. 24-26.
Wilson Jr, CE., P.K. Bollich, R.J. Norman. 1998. Nitrogen application timing effects on nitrogen efficiency of dry‐seeded rice. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 62 ( 4 ) : 959-964.
Wopereis-Pura, MM., H. Watanabe, J. Moreira, M.C.S. Wopereis. 2002. Effect of late nitrogen application on rice yield, grain quality and profitability in the Senegal River valley. European Journal of Agronomy. 17 ( 3 ) : 191-198.
Yadav, A. N., R. Kumar, S. Kumar, V. Kumar, T.C.K. Sugitha, B. Singh, V.S. Chauahan, H.S. Dhaliwal, A.K. Saxena. 2017. Beneficial microbiomes: biodiversity and potential biotechnological applications for sustainable agriculture and human health. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology. 5 ( 6 ) : 45-57.
Yao, X., T. Horie, S. Xue, H.Y. Leung, M. Katsuhara, D.E. Brodsky, Y. Wu, J.I. Schroeder. 2010. Differential sodium and potassium transport selectivities of the rice OsHKT2., 1 and OsHKT2., 2 transporters in plant cells. Plant physiology. 152 ( 1 ) : 341-355.
Ye, L., B. Tang, K. Zhao, M. Pijuan, Y. Peng. 2009. Nitrogen removal via nitrite in domestic wastewater treatment using combined salt inhibition and on-line process control. Water Science and Technology. 60 ( 6 ) : 1633-1639.
Zhalnina, K., R. Dias, P. D. de Quadros, A . Davis-Richardson, F. A. O. Camargo, I.M. Clark, S.P. McGrath, P.R. Hirsch, E.W .Triplett. 2015. Soil pH determines microbial diversity and composition in the park grass experiment. Microbial ecology. 69 : 395-406.
Zhang, R., L. Chen, Z. Niu, S. Song, Y. Zhao. 2019. Water stress affects the frequency of Firmicutes, Clostridiales and Lysobacter in rhizosphere soils of greenhouse grape. Agricultural Water Management. 226 : 105776.
Zhang, X., R. Zhang, J. Gao, X. Wang, F. Fan, X. Ma, H. Yin, C. Zhang, K. Feng, Y. Deng. 2017. Thirty-one years of rice-rice-green manure rotations shape the rhizosphere microbial community and enrich beneficial bacteria. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 104 : 208-217.
Zhang, X., E.A. Davidson, D.L. Mauzerall, T.D. Searchinger, P. Dumas, Y. Shen . 2015. Managing nitrogen for sustainable development Nature. 528 : 51-59.
Zhu, Y.G., A.F. Smith, S.E. Smith. 2003. Phosphorus efficiencies and responses of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grown in highly calcareous soil. Mycorrhiza. 13 ( 2 ) : 93-100.
Zörb, C., M. Senbayram, E. Peiter. 2014. Potassium in agriculture–status and perspectives. Journal of plant physiology. 171 ( 9 ) : 656-669.