隨著經濟的快速發展，促進公眾對休閒生活的關注，而休閒運動有利於解決現代人運動不足的問題。臺灣教育部基於"海洋教育政策白皮書"和"海洋教育實施計畫"，制定了"教育部體育署補助推動學校游泳及水域運動實施要點"，以擴大學生的水上運動體驗和學習機會。因此，本研究在科技接受模型的基礎上，提出並驗證了一個新的理論模型，調查在大學生參與水域休閒運動知覺易用性、知覺有用性、參與性、益處、阻礙和意向之間的關係。本研究抽樣420名大學生，並對問卷資料進行結構方程模型分析，統計分析的結果表示，水域休閒設施的知覺易用性對有用性、參與性和意向有積極和顯著的影響。水域休閒設施的知覺有用性對參與性和意向有正向顯著的影響。水域休閒運動的參與度對利益和意向有正向和顯著的影響。水域休閒運動的益處對意向有正向和顯著的影響。研究發現利益、知覺的有用性和參與在知覺的易用性和意向之間具有中介效果。本研究基於科技接受模型，研究大學生對水域休閒運動的參與行為，並對學校老師和管理者在水域休閒運動教育的推廣與實施提供了建議。
關鍵字: 知覺易用性、知覺有用性、參與性、益處、阻礙、意向

With the rapid development of the economy, promoting the public's attention to leisure life is helpful in resolving the problem of sedentary and insufficient exercise for modern people. The Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan based on the "Ocean Education Policy White Paper" and the "Ocean Education Implementation Plan", establishing the "MOE Supplemental Implementation Guidelines for Promoting Swimming and Aquatic Sports in Schools" to expand students' aquatic sports experience and learning opportunities, and to foster students' choice of aquatic sports as a lifelong sport. Therefore, this study proposes and validates a new theoretical model based on Technology Acceptance Model investigating the relationship among perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, involvement, benefits, barriers and intention in college setting. A total of 420 college students was sampled for structural equation modeling analysis. The results of statistical analysis indicated that the perceived ease of use of water recreation facilities has a positive and significant effect on the usefulness, involvement, and intention. Perceived usefulness of water recreation facilities has a positive and significant effect on the involvement and intention. Involvement of water recreation activities has a positive and significant effect on the benefits and intention. Benefits of recreation activities has a positive and significant effect on the intention. Mediation effects were found benefits, perceived usefulness, and involvement between perceived ease of use and intention. This study examines college students’ participation behavior of water recreation activities based on technology acceptance model and provides a reference for class instructors and school administrators the practice of water recreation activities in education.
Keywords: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, involvement, benefit, barrier, intention

Aydin, G. (2018). Effect of demographics on use intention of gamified systems.
International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI), 14(1), 1-21.
Ball, H., Peper, P., Alakbarova, D., Brewer, G., & Gilbert, S. J. (2021). Individual
differences in working memory capacity predict benefits to memory from
intention offloading. Memory, 1-15.
Bammel, G., & Burrus-Bammel, L. L. (1982). Leisure and human behaviour. Wm. C.
Brown Company Publishers.
Bhatti, A., & Rehman, S. U. (2020). Perceived benefits and perceived risks effect on
online shopping behavior with the mediating role of consumer purchase
intention in Pakistan. International Journal of Management Studies, 26(1), 33-54.
Bloch, P. H. (1982). Involvement beyond the purchase process: conceptual issues
and empirical investigation. ACR North American Advances.
Brandenburg, J., Greiner, W., Hamilton-Smith, E., Scholten, H., Senior, R., & Webb, J.
(1982). A conceptual model of how people adopt recreation activities. Leisure
Studies, 1(3), 263-275.
Bright, J. (2000). A history of Israel. Westminster John Knox Press.
Chen, C. C., & Tsai, J. L. (2019). Determinants of behavioral intention to use the
Personalized Location-based Mobile Tourism Application: An empirical study by
integrating TAM with ISSM. Future Generation Computer Systems, 96, 628-638.
Chen, L. H., & Chancellor, H. C. (2020). Examining the leisure use of a bicycle share
program: A case study of YouBike in Taipei. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(2),
183-205.
Cheng, Y. H., & Chen, Y. C. (2018). Enhancing classroom management through
parental involvement by using social networking apps. South African Journal of Education, 38(Supplement 2), s1-s14.
Chin, W. W. (1998a). Commentary: Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation
Modeling. MIS Quarterly, 22(1), vii-xvi.
Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In Handbook of partial
least squares (pp. 655-690). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Chin, W.W. (1998b). The partial least squares approach to structural equation
modeling, In Modern Methods for Business Research (pp. 1295–1336),
Marcoulides, G.A. (ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
Cohen, Jacob. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2 ed.).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure.
Leisure sciences, 9(2), 119-127.
Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure
constraints. Leisure sciences, 13(4), 309-320.
Ćulibrk, J., Delić, M., Mitrović, S., & Ćulibrk, D. (2018). Job satisfaction,
organizational commitment and job involvement: The mediating role of job
involvement. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 132.
Department of Land Administration, Ministry of the Interior (2016). Strategic Plan
for National Spatial Development. (in Chinese)
Dickson, T. J., Gray, T., & Mann, K. (2008). Australian outdoor adventure activity
benefits catalogue.
Driver, B. L. (1997). The defining moment of benefits. Parks & Recreation, 32(12), 38-
41.
Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J., & Peterson, G. L. (1991). Benefits of leisure. In Preliminary
drafts of the chapters in this volume were presented at a workshop of the authors
in Snowbird, Utah, May 1989. Venture Publishing.
Fichten, C. S., Heiman, T., Jorgensen, M., Nguyen, M. N., Havel, A., King, L., ... &
Amsel, R. (2016). Theory of Planned Behavior Predicts Graduation Intentions of
Canadian and Israeli Postsecondary Students with and without Learning
Disabilities/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. International Journal of
Higher Education, 5(1), 208-219.
Fornell, Claes, & Larcker, David F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models
with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing
Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Han, M., Wu, J., Wang, Y., & Hong, M. (2018). A model and empirical study on the
user’s continuance intention in online China brand communities based on
customer-perceived benefits. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market,
and Complexity, 4(4), 46.
Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: Conceptual
conundrums and measurement advances. Journal of leisure research, 29(3), 245-
278.
Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties
and paradoxes. Journal of leisure research, 31(2), 122-149.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing
discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of
the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
Hsu, Z. M. (2012). Marine sports and recreation, Science Development, 475, 14-19.
Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan. (in Chinese)
Iden, J., & Eikebrokk, T. R. (2015). The impact of senior management involvement,
organisational commitment and group efficacy on ITIL implementation benefits.
Information systems and e-business management, 13(3), 527-552.
Jackson, E. L. (1988). Leisure constraints: A survey of past research. Leisure
sciences, 10(3), 203-215.
Joo, Y. J., So, H. J., & Kim, N. H. (2018). Examination of relationships among
students' self-determination, technology acceptance, satisfaction, and
continuance intention to use K-MOOCs. Computers & Education, 122, 260-272.
Kamal, V., & Khan, S. (2020). Sports Tourism: A Road for Future Tourism
Development in Himachal Pradesh.
Kelly, J. R. (1990). Leisure (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Kim, S. S., Scott, D., & Crompton, J. L. (1997). An exploration of the relationships
among social psychological involvement, behavioral involvement, commitment,
and future intentions in the context of birdwatching. Journal of Leisure Research,
29(3), 320-341.
Kock, Ned, & Lynn, Gary. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in
variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the
Association for information Systems, 13(7).
Lape, E. C., Katz, J. N., Losina, E., Kerman, H. M., Gedman, M. A., & Blauwet, C. A.
(2018). Participant‐Reported Benefits of Involvement in an Adaptive Sports
Program: A Qualitative Study. Pm&r, 10(5), 507-515.
Lee, Y. H. (2006). Introduction to marine motion. Taipei: Pindu. (in Chinese)
Lewis, B.R., G.F. Templeton & T.A. Byrd (2005). A methodology for construct
development in MIS research, European Journal of Information Systems, 14(4)
388–400.
Lin, C. H. & Lee, Y. H. (2007). The promotion and prospect of marine sports in
Taiwan. National Sports Quarterly, 36:3, 9-14. (in Chinese)
Liu, Tsai-Yun (2014). A study on the attractiveness, experience satisfaction and
loyalty of watershed recreation: A case study of visitors participating in the 2013
Aboriginal flower season watershed recreation. Unpublished master's thesis,
National Pingtung University, Master's degree program in Ecological Recreation
Education, Pingtung County, Taiwan. (in Chinese)
Lu, C. C., Wu, L., & Hsiao, W. H. (2019). Developing customer product loyalty through
mobile advertising: Affective and cognitive perspectives. International Journal of
Information Management, 47, 101-111.
Mannell, R. C., & Stynes, D. J. (1991). A retrospective: The benefits of leisure.
Benefits of leisure, 461-473.
Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row
McIntyre, N. (1989).The personal meaning of participation: Enduring involvement.
Journal of leisure research, 21(2), 167-179.
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2018). An investigation on customer revisit intention to theme
restaurants: The role of servicescape and authentic perception. International
Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Ministry of Education (2001). Loyalty Program to Enhance Students' Swimming
Ability. Taipei City (in Chinese)
Ministry of Education (2004). Implementation Plan for Promoting Student Aquatics.
Taipei City (in Chinese)
Ministry of Education (2004). Promoting Student Water Sports Program. Taipei City
(in Chinese)
Ministry of Education (2007). National Ocean Policy White Paper. (in Chinese)
Moslehpour, M., Pham, V. K., Wong, W. K., & Bilgiçli, İ. (2018). E-purchase intention
of Taiwanese consumers: Sustainable mediation of perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use. Sustainability, 10(1), 234.
Noh, N. J., & Yang, C. H. (2021). The Effect of SNS Lifestyle of Marine Leisure Sports
Club Members on Participation Involvement and Customer Loyalty. Turkish
Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32, 3.
O’Flynn, A., Barrett, E., & Murphy, J. (2021). A brief literature review of the
psychological benefits of volunteerism in watersports inclusion. Irish Journal of
Medical Science (1971-), 190(2), 731-734.
Rahmi, B. A. K. I., Birgoren, B., & Aktepe, A. (2018). A meta analysis of factors
affecting perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in the adoption of e-
learning systems. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 19(4), 4-42.
Raymore, L., Godbey, G., Crawford, D., & von Eye, A. (1993). Nature and process of
leisure constraints: An empirical test.Leisure sciences,15(2), 99-113.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S. & Becker, J.-M. 2015."SmartPLS 3." Boenningstedt:
SmartPLS GmbH, http://www.smartpls.com.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2019). SmartPLS 3.28 [computer software].
GmbH: Boenningstedt.
Roberts, A. R., De Schutter, B., Franks, K., & Radina, M. E. (2019). Older adults’
experiences with audiovisual virtual reality: perceived usefulness and other
factors influencing technology acceptance. Clinical gerontologist, 42(1), 27-33.
Robinson, L. A., Blincow, H. L., Culhane, F. E., & O'Higgins, T. (2019). Identifying
barriers, conflict and opportunity in managing aquatic ecosystems. Science of
the Total Environment, 651, 1992-2002.
Rothschild, M. L. (1984). Perspectives on involvement: current problems and future
directions. ACR North American Advances.
Salgado, A., Murphy, J., & Barrett, E. (2021). The Benefits Experience by Families
Participating in the Watersports Inclusion Games.
Sangchumnong, A. (2019). Development of a sustainable tourist destination based
on the creative economy: A case study of Klong Kone Mangrove Community,
Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 40(3), 642-649.
Selin, S. W., & Howard, D. R. (1988). Ego involvement and leisure behavior: A
conceptual specification. Journal of leisure Research, 20(3), 237-244.
Shen, H., & Liu, X. (2018). The Influence of Social Media on the Spatio-Temporal
Features of Urban Residents’ leisure Behavior in Small Cities and Towns in
China. International Leisure Review, 7(1), 4-26.
Sherif, M., & Cantril, H. (1947). The psychology of ego-involvements: Social attitudes
and identifications.
Singh, S., & Srivastava, P. (2019). Social media for outbound leisure travel: a
framework based on technology acceptance model (TAM). Journal of Tourism
Futures.
Sivan, A., Tam, V. C. W., Siu, G. P. K., & Stebbins, R. A. (2020). Adolescents’ self-
exploration in leisure experience. Leisure/Loisir, 44(4), 441-468.
Sivan, A., Tam, V., Siu, G., & Stebbins, R. (2019). Adolescents’ choice and pursuit of
their most important and interesting leisure activities. Leisure Studies, 38(1), 98-
113.
Sports Commission, Executive Yuan (2002). Marine Sports Development Plan. Taipei
City. (in Chinese)
Stone, R. N. (1984). The marketing characteristics of involvement. ACR North
American Advances.
Straub, D., M.-C. Boudreau & D. Gefen (2004). Validation guidelines for IS positivist
research, Communications of the AIS, 13, 380–427.
Su, W. S., and Chiu, C. W. (2005). A study of the development of Taiwan's water
recreation sports industry. College Sports,79, 104-110 (in Chinese)
Sun, Y., & Gao, F. (2020). An investigation of the influence of intrinsic motivation on
students’ intention to use mobile devices in language learning. Educational
Technology Research and Development, 68(3), 1181-1198.
ten Brink, P., Mutafoglu, K., Schweitzer, J. P., Kettunen, M., Twigger-Ross, C., Baker,
J., ... & Ojala, A. (2016). The health and social benefits of nature and biodiversity
protection. A report for the European Commission (ENV. B. 3/ETU/2014/0039).
London/Brussels: Institute for European Environmental Policy.
Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H.
(2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments
have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity
indoors? A systematic review. Environmental science & technology, 45(5), 1761-
1772.
Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications (2016).
Regulations on the Management of Water Recreation Activities. Taipei City. (in
Chinese)
Varki, S., & Wong, S. (2003). Consumer involvement in relationship marketing of
services. Journal of Service Research, 6(1), 83-91.
Verduin, J. R., McEwen, D. N., & Osgood, N. (1984). Adults and their leisure: The need
for lifelong learning. Journal of Leisure Research, 16(4), 355.
Wang, S. T. E., & Liao, Y. T. (2020). How social norms affect alcohol dependence: the
mediating role of perceived benefits and alcohol identity. British Food Journal.
Warrington, P., & Shim, S. (2000). An empirical investigation of the relationship
between product involvement and brand commitment. Psychology & Marketing,
17(9), 761-782.
Wetering, R. V. D. (2021, September). How EA-Driven Dynamic Capabilities Enable
Agility: The Mediating Role of Digital Project Benefits. In Conference on e-
Business, e-Services and e-Society (pp. 397-410). Springer, Cham.
Wold, H. (1982). Soft modeling: the basic design and some extensions. In:
JLoreskog, K.G., Wold, H. (Eds.), Systems under Indirect Observation, Part 2.
North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 1–54.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of
consumer research, 12(3), 341-352.
Zhuang, X., Hou, X., Feng, Z., Lin, Z., & Li, J. (2021). Subjective norms, attitudes, and
intentions of AR technology use in tourism experience: the moderating effect of
millennials. Leisure Studies, 40(3), 392-406.
Zollo, L., Filieri, R., Rialti, R., & Yoon, S. (2020). Unpacking the relationship between
social media marketing and brand equity: The mediating role of consumers’
benefits and experience. Journal of Business Research, 117, 256-267.