近年來由於台灣社會生活形態的改變，對於伴侶動物的重視度是日漸高漲，而飼養鳥的飼主也越來越多，由其以鸚鵡飼養量是每年都有增加的趨勢，台灣觀賞鳥養殖的產值，單是鸚鵡類最高可達七十億元，也相對的國人對於伴侶動物的營養與健康也越來越重視。多瘤病毒(Avian Polyomavirus, APV)主要在鸚鵡的雛鳥造成急性全身性的症狀，又稱小鸚哥病，由於所有的年齡的鸚鵡科鳥類皆可被感染，感染之臨床症狀的死亡率和感染的年齡有關。雛鳥可能在尚未出現臨床症狀前就急性猝死，未發生猝死的雛鳥則會有臨床症狀的出現，包括明顯的對稱性掉羽、腹部腫大、皮膚變色、皮下出血，有時還會出現神經症狀，如頭頸的震顫、共濟失調。鸚鵡喙羽病病毒(Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease, PBFD)可感染鸚鵡科鳥類，臨床症狀包括體重減輕、羽毛發育不良、 脫毛及喙部會有畸型情況，及會損害免疫組織器官、抑制免疫系統，並會造成敗血症性肺炎及腸炎嚴重時會致死，是發生率很高且普遍性存在的疾病。本研究每個月分別在北、中、南區各收集20個樣本，每個月共收集60個樣本，一年共收集720個樣本分別抽出DNA，再進行聚合酶鏈鎖反應(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)來偵測此二種病毒，探討年齡、季節、品系、飼養環境的盛行率和死亡率與病毒的變異，提供臨床獸醫師增加對此二種病毒的了解，以協助病毒的防疫。本研究完成PCR檢測技術的建立，結果顯示鸚鵡的多瘤病毒、喙羽病毒皆在春季及秋季發生的比率最高，在幼鳥病例最多，大量飼養場病例最多，月輪鸚鵡病例最多，鸚鵡的喙羽病毒的病例最多。

Polyomavirus (APV) mainly causes acute systemic symptoms, also known as small parrot disease, which happens on the psittacine chicks. All age of the parrot birds could potentially been infected. If being infected, the death rate of clinical symptoms is related to the age of infection. Part of the chicks may die suddenly before the clinical symptoms of acute appeared; whereas the chicks that survive will have the appearance of clinical symptoms. These symptoms of the survival include obvious ones: symmetrical drop-out of feathers, abdominal distention, dyschromia, subcutaneous hemorrhage, and sometimes neurological symptoms the tremor of head and neck ataxia. Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) can infect parrot. The clinical symptoms include weight loss, underdeveloped feathers, hair removal and beak malformation. PBFDV also damages on the immune tissues and organs, suppress the immune system, and even cause pneumonia and sepsis enteritis. If severe it causes death. PBFD has very high incidence. The study will take samples from the Northern, Central and Southern parts. Sixty samples will be collected in every month, and a total of 720 blood samples will be collected in a year. Each sample were extracted DNA, then use the primers to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to in the document. The result is complete PCR assay for detection technology, preliminary results showed that APV and PBFDV ratio both in the spring and fall with the highest occurrence, whereas most proportion occur in psittacine chicks, Large farms and Psittacula krameri. PBFD in psittacus is most proportion.

Alley, M. R., I. Rasiah, E. A. Lee, L. Howe and B. D. Gartrell (2013) Avian polyomavirus identified in a nestling Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae) in New Zealand. N Z Vet J. 61: 359-361.
Arroube, A. S., M. Y. Halami, R. Johne and G. M. Dorrestein (2009) Mortality due to polyomavirus infection in two nightjars (Caprimulgus europaeus). J Avian Med Surg. 23: 136-140.
Bassami, M. R., D. Berryman, G. E. Wilcox and S. R. Raidal (1998) Psittacine beak and feather disease virus nucleotide sequence analysis and its relationship to porcine circovirus, plant circoviruses, and chicken anaemia virus. Virology. 249: 453-459.
Bauer, P. H., R. T. Bronson, S. C. Fung, R. Freund, T. Stehle, S. C. Harrison and T. L. Benjamin (1995) Genetic and structural analysis of a virulence determinant in polyomavirus VP1. J Virol. 69: 7925-7931.
Bauer, P. H., C. Cui, W. R. Liu, T. Stehle, S. C. Harrison, J. A. DeCaprio and T. L. Benjamin (1999) Discrimination between sialic acid-containing receptors and pseudoreceptors regulates polyomavirus spread in the mouse. J Virol. 73: 5826-5832.
Bernier, G., M. Morin and G. Marsolais (1981) A generalized inclusion body disease in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) caused by a papovavirus-like agent. Avian Dis. 25: 1083-1092.
Bert, E., L. Tomassone, C. Peccati, M. G. Navarrete and S. C. Sola (2005) Detection of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) DNA in psittacine birds in Italy. Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health. 52: 64-68.
Bozeman, L. H., R. B. Davis, D. Gaudry, P. D. Lukert, O. J. Fletcher and M. J. Dykstra (1981) Characterization of a papovavirus isolated from fledgling budgerigars. Avian Dis. 25: 972-980.
Cooper, J. E., S. Gschmeissner, A. J. Parsons and B. H. Coles (1987) Psittacine beak and feather disease. Vet Rec. 120: 287.
Crawford, G. R. (1994) Circoviridae: new viruses of pigs, parrots and chickens. Aust Vet J. 71: 351.
Davis, R. B., L. H. Bozeman, D. Gaudry, O. J. Fletcher, P. D. Lukert and M. J. Dykstra (1981) A viral disease of fledgling budgerigars. Avian diseases. 25: 179-183.
Dykstra, M. J. and L. H. Bozeman (1982) A light and electron microscopic examination of budgerigar fledgling disease virus in tissue and in cell culture. Avian Pathol. 11: 11-28.
Dykstra, M. J., C. C. Dykstra, P. D. Lukert and L. H. Bozeman (1984) Investigations of budgerigar fledgling disease virus. Am J Vet Res. 45: 1883-1887.
Enders, F., M. Gravendyck, H. Gerlach and E. F. Kaleta (1997) Fatal avian polyomavirus infection during quarantine in adult wild-caught red-faced lovebirds (Agapornis pullaria). Avian Dis. 41: 496-498.
Forshaw, D., S. L. Wylie and D. A. Pass (1988) Infection with a virus resembling papovavirus in Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae). Australian veterinary journal. 65: 26-28.
Garcia, A., K. S. Latimer, F. D. Niagro, T. M. Norton, R. P. Campagnoli, B. G. Harmon, E. W. Howerth and B. W. Ritchie (1994) Diagnosis of polyomavirus infection in seedcrackers (Pyrenestes sp.) and blue bills (Spermophaga haematina) using DNA in situ hybridization. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A. 23: 525-537.
Gough, J. F. (1989) Outbreaks of budgerigar fledgling disease in three aviaries in Ontario. The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne. 30: 672-674.
Graham, D. L. and B. W. Calnek (1987) Papovavirus infection in hand-fed parrots: virus isolation and pathology. Avian Dis. 31: 398-410.
Greenlee, J. E. (1979) Pathogenesis of K virus infection in newborn mice. Infection and immunity. 26: 705-713.
Gross, L. (1953) A filterable agent, recovered from Ak leukemic extracts, causing salivary gland carcinomas in C3H mice. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 83: 414-421.
Harkins, G. W., D. P. Martin, A. Christoffels and A. Varsani (2014) Towards inferring the global movement of beak and feather disease virus. Virology. 450-451: 24-33.
Heath, L., D. P. Martin, L. Warburton, M. Perrin, W. Horsfield, C. Kingsley, E. P. Rybicki and A. L. Williamson (2004) Evidence of unique genotypes of beak and feather disease virus in southern Africa. J Virol. 78: 9277-9284.
Hirai, K., H. Nonaka, H. Fukushi, S. Shimakura, T. Masegi and T. Mizoguchi (1984) Isolation of a papovavirus-like agent from young budgerigars with feather abnormalities. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi. 46: 577-582.
Hsu, C. M., C. Y. Ko and H. J. Tsaia (2006) Detection and sequence analysis of avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus from psittacine birds in Taiwan. Avian diseases. 50: 348-353.
Ignjatovic, J. (1995) Circoviridae: new viruses of pigs, parrots and chickens. Australian veterinary journal. 72: 40.
Jacobson, E. R., S. Clubb, C. Simpson, M. Walsh, C. D. Lothrop, Jr., J. Gaskin, J. Bauer, S. Hines, G. V. Kollias, P. Poulos and et al. (1986) Feather and beak dystrophy and necrosis in cockatoos: clinicopathologic evaluations. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 189: 999-1005.
Jacobson, E. R., S. A. Hines, K. Quesenberry, C. Mladinich, R. B. Davis, G. V. Kollias and J. Olsen (1984) Epornitic of papova-like virus-associated disease in a psittacine nursery. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 185: 1337-1341.
Johne, R., A. Jungmann and H. Muller (2000) Agnoprotein 1a and agnoprotein 1b of avian polyomavirus are apoptotic inducers. The Journal of general virology. 81: 1183-1190.
Johne, R. and H. Muller (2001) Avian polyomavirus agnoprotein 1a is incorporated into the virus particle as a fourth structural protein, VP4. The Journal of general virology. 82: 909-918.
Johne, R. and H. Muller (2007) Polyomaviruses of birds: etiologic agents of inflammatory diseases in a tumor virus family. J Virol. 81: 11554-11559.
Johne, R., W. Wittig, D. Fernandez-de-Luco, U. Hofle and H. Muller (2006) Characterization of two novel polyomaviruses of birds by using multiply primed rolling-circle amplification of their genomes. J Virol. 80: 3523-3531.
Kaleta, E. F., W. Herbst, F. J. Kaup, R. Jank-Ladwig, H. J. Marschall, W. Drommer and M. Krautwald (1984) [Viral etiology of a disease accompanied by hepatitis and feather disorders in budgerigar fledgelings (Melopsittacus undulatus)]. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B. 31: 219-224.
Katoh, H., K. Ohya, M. Kubo, K. Murata, T. Yanai and H. Fukushi (2009) A novel budgerigar-adenovirus belonging to group II avian adenovirus of Siadenovirus. Virus research. 144: 294-297.
Khan, M. S., R. Johne, I. Beck, M. Pawlita, E. F. Kaleta and H. Muller (2000) Development of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of avian polyomavirus-specific antibodies. Journal of virological methods. 89: 39-48.
Kiatipattanasakul-Banlunara, W., R. Tantileartcharoen, K. Katayama, K. Suzuki, T. Lekdumrogsak, H. Nakayama and K. Doi (2002) Psittacine beak and feather disease in three captive sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) in Thailand. J Vet Med Sci. 64: 527-529.
Kingston, R. S. (1992) Budgerigar fledgling disease (papovavirus) in pet birds. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 4: 455-458.
Krautwald, M. E., H. Muller and E. F. Kaleta (1989) Polyomavirus infection in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): clinical and aetiological studies. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B. 36: 459-467.
Lafferty, S. L., A. M. Fudge, R. E. Schmidt, V. G. Wilson and D. N. Phalen (1999) Avian polyomavirus infection and disease in a green aracaris (Pteroglossus viridis). Avian diseases. 43: 577-585.
Latimer, K. S., P. M. Rakich, I. M. Kircher, B. W. Ritchie, F. D. Niagro, W. L. Steffens, 3rd and P. D. Lukert (1990) Extracutaneous viral inclusions in psittacine beak and feather disease. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2: 204-207.
Latimer, K. S., P. M. Rakich, W. L. Steffens, I. M. Kircher, B. W. Ritchie, F. D. Niagro and P. D. Lukert (1991) A novel DNA virus associated with feather inclusions in psittacine beak and feather disease. Veterinary pathology. 28: 300-304.
Liptak, P., E. Kemeny and B. Ivanyi (2006) Primer: histopathology of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal allografts. Nature clinical practice. Nephrology. 2: 631-636.
Ludlow, J. W. and R. A. Consigli (1989) Hydroxyproline in the major capsid protein VP1 of polyomavirus. J Virol. 63: 2881-2884.
Ludlow, J. W. and R. A. Consigli (1987) Polyomavirus major capsid protein VP1 is modified by tyrosine sulfuration. J Virol. 61: 1708-1711.
McOrist, S., D. G. Black, D. A. Pass, P. C. Scott and J. Marshall (1984) Beak and feather dystrophy in wild sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). J Wildl Dis. 20: 120-124.
Niagro, F. D., A. N. Forsthoefel, R. P. Lawther, L. Kamalanathan, B. W. Ritchie, K. S. Latimer and P. D. Lukert (1998) Beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus genomes: intermediates between the geminiviruses and plant circoviruses. Archives of virology. 143: 1723-1744.
Pass, D. A. and R. A. Perry (1984) The pathology of psittacine beak and feather disease. Aust Vet J. 61: 69-74.
Phalen, D. N., V. G. Wilson, J. M. Gaskin, J. N. Derr and D. L. Graham (1999) Genetic diversity in twenty variants of the avian polyomavirus. Avian diseases. 43: 207-218.
Phalen, D. N., V. G. Wilson and D. L. Graham (1996) Characterization of the avian polyomavirus-associated glomerulopathy of nestling parrots. Avian diseases. 40: 140-149.
Phalen, D. N., V. G. Wilson and D. L. Graham (1993) Organ distribution of avian polyomavirus DNA and virus-neutralizing antibody titers in healthy adult budgerigars. American journal of veterinary research. 54: 2040-2047.
Phalen, D. N., V. G. Wilson and D. L. Graham (1991) Polymerase chain reaction assay for avian polyomavirus. J Clin Microbiol. 29: 1030-1037.
Raidal, S. R., M. Sabine and G. M. Cross (1993) Laboratory diagnosis of psittacine beak and feather disease by haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition. Australian veterinary journal. 70: 133-137.
Ramis, A., K. S. Latimer, F. D. Niagro, R. P. Campagnoli, B. W. Ritchie and D. Pesti (1994) Diagnosis of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) viral infection, avian polyomavirus infection, adenovirus infection and herpesvirus infection in psittacine tissues using DNA in situ hybridization. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A. 23: 643-657.
Ravichandran, V. and E. O. Major (2006) Viral proteomics: a promising approach for understanding JC virus tropism. Proteomics. 6: 5628-5636.
Ritchie, B. W., F. D. Niagro, K. S. Latimer, P. D. Lukert, W. L. Steffens, 3rd, P. M. Rakich and N. Pritchard (1990) Ultrastructural, protein composition, and antigenic comparison of psittacine beak and feather disease virus purified from four genera of psittacine birds. Journal of wildlife diseases. 26: 196-203.
Ritchie, B. W., F. D. Niagro, K. S. Latimer, W. L. Steffens, D. Pesti, L. Aron and P. D. Lukert (1992) Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to psittacine beak and feather disease virus. J Vet Diagn Invest. 4: 13-18.
Ritchie, B. W., F. D. Niagro, P. D. Lukert, W. L. Steffens, 3rd and K. S. Latimer (1989) Characterization of a new virus from cockatoos with psittacine beak and feather disease. Virology. 171: 83-88.
Rossi, G., E. Taccini and C. Tarantino (2005) Outbreak of avian polyomavirus infection with high mortality in recently captured Crimson's seedcrackers (Pyrenestes sanguineus). Journal of wildlife diseases. 41: 236-240.
Rott, O., M. Kroger, H. Muller and G. Hobom (1988) The genome of budgerigar fledgling disease virus, an avian polyomavirus. Virology. 165: 74-86.
Sanada, Y., N. Sanada and M. Kubo (1999) Electron microscopical observations of psittacine beak and feather disease in an Umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba). J Vet Med Sci. 61: 1063-1065.
Schmidt, M., H. Muller, M. F. Schmidt and R. Rott (1989) Myristoylation of budgerigar fledgling disease virus capsid protein VP2. J Virol. 63: 429-431.
Shen, P. S., D. Enderlein, C. D. Nelson, W. S. Carter, M. Kawano, L. Xing, R. D. Swenson, N. H. Olson, T. S. Baker, R. H. Cheng, W. J. Atwood, R. Johne and D. M. Belnap (2011) The structure of avian polyomavirus reveals variably sized capsids, non-conserved inter-capsomere interactions, and a possible location of the minor capsid protein VP4. Virology. 411: 142-152.
Stoll, R., G. Hobom and H. Muller (1994) Host restriction in the productive cycle of avian polyomavirus budgerigar fledgling disease virus type 3 depends on a single amino acid change in the common region of structural proteins VP2/VP3. The Journal of general virology. 75 ( Pt 9): 2261-2269.
Stoll, R., D. Luo, B. Kouwenhoven, G. Hobom and H. Muller (1993) Molecular and biological characteristics of avian polyomaviruses: isolates from different species of birds indicate that avian polyomaviruses form a distinct subgenus within the polyomavirus genus. The Journal of general virology. 74 ( Pt 2): 229-237.
Tischer, I., W. Mields, D. Wolff, M. Vagt and W. Griem (1986) Studies on epidemiology and pathogenicity of porcine circovirus. Archives of virology. 91: 271-276.
Toptan, T., S. A. Yousem, J. Ho, Y. Matsushima, L. P. Stabile, M. T. Fernandez-Figueras, R. Bhargava, A. Ryo, P. S. Moore and Y. Chang (2016) Survey for human polyomaviruses in cancer. JCI insight. 1:
Wagner, E. K., M. J. Hewlett, D. C. Bloom and D. Camerini (2007) Basic Virology, 3rd Edition. 311. Wiley-Blackwell.
Wylie, S. L. and D. A. Pass (1987) Experimental reproduction of psittacine beak and feather disease/French Moult. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A. 16: 269-281.
Ypelaar, I., M. R. Bassami, G. E. Wilcox and S. R. Raidal (1999) A universal polymerase chain reaction for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus. Vet Microbiol. 68: 141-148.