組織內捲與列寧式政黨的調適與變遷：中國共産黨個案分析

Organizational Involution and the Adaptability of a Leninist Political Party: The Case of the CCP

趙建民(Chien-Min Chao) ； 张執中(Chih-Chung Chang)

《人文及社會科學集刊》 17卷2期 (2005/06) Pp. 299-341

https://doi.org/10.6350/JSSP.200506.0299

摘要

自黨的八大、十三大到十六大，中共所面臨的困境如一，即封黨政權力運作失衡，欠缺反省舆因應。中共試圖保持現存的結構，透過「修補」来解决問题，因此在渐進而零碎的政治改革中，顯現出傅統力量舆變革力量之間相互拉扯，所强調的是「中國特色」及「自我完善」，使得當前無論在政府或黨内，仍然存在許多不受監督的「保留領域］，以及封依附於公民或黨員身份中許多排他性的限制。在「四個基本原則」的框架内，中共一值處於民主承諾舆威權鞏固的緊张状態當中。本文嘗試藉由歷史制度論以及組織内捲化的理論，探討中共在組織舆制度方面的調適，包括黨的包容性的擴大、資本家入黨問题、黨内民主的倡議，以及黨在變遷過程中難以突破的困境，以期為中共自改革開放後的種種變化，提供一個反映這種政治上動態的變遷過程的分析架構。

關鍵字

中国共産黨的變遷 ； 民主集中制 ； 黨的包容性的擴大 ； 資本家入黨 ； 黨内民主 ； 組織内捲化 ； 中共黨组織改革

並列摘要

Since becoming a ruling party in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has been distraught by a chronic problem: An unbalanced power distribution between the Party and the state. While trying to maintain the status of the power structure, the CCP has been trying to cope with the problem of adaptability by making trivial amends. These small measures of reform have exposed contradictions between forces supporting tradition and modernity. The emphasis of ”Chinese characteristics” and ”self-perfecting” has left many ”reserved areas” inside the party and the state. Under the constraint of the ”four cardinal principles”, China has been strained between a promise to democratize and consolidating one- party dictatorship. Relying on historical institutionalism and the concept of involution, this article discusses the problem of adaptability in terms of the CCP's organization and institutions. Specifically, the article explores the policy of inclusion that the CCP has used to enlarge its basis of support, including the issue of allowing the capitalist class into the party and inner-party democracy. The article also analyzes the difficulties that the Party has faced in the process of transition. The purpose is to provide an analytical framework to reflect the dynamic process of change that the Party has encountered since the introduction of market economy.

並列關鍵字

Change and adaptability of the CCP ； democratic centralism ； inclusion and corporatism of the party ； capitalist class joining the CCP ； inner-party democracy ； organizational involution ； structural reforms of t

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