民主國家之國會對政府監督能力之探討

民主國家之國會需善盡監督政府之責，然監督之有效性備受爭議。本文分析立法與行政之關係，探討立法部門對行政部門監督之能力，重新界定立法者角色，國會在憲法裏所做之規範，並解析現今反對黨如何成為國會監督政府之重要力量，及所產生之關鍵性政治影響等。研究發現國會在不同類型之立法與行政關係組合下，分扮演不同之監督角色。國會議員或反對黨擁有監督權，政府施政會因國會議員對法案、政策之杯葛而受限；而政府屬少數黨時，也會被其他政黨、反對黨聯盟、或同黨反對派抵制。同時，國會如具備立法之能力，得以對政府進行有效的監督；然國會如僅對法案具影響力，則對多數政府較難抗拒，此種情況對法案無影響力或些微影響時之國會亦然。反對黨監督成為重要之反對力量。國會行使監督權，其監督工具均有規範，在行政與人民間扮演代議之角色，雖於早期即有「國會沒落」之說，然其所行使之固有權力仍不可磨滅。

關鍵字

國會監督；反對黨監督；行政立法關係；國會監督工具

並列摘要

The parliaments in modern democracies should hold the responsibility of the control to the government, however, its effectiveness is quite controversial. This paper is focused on the analysis of the relations between the legislative and the administration, approach on the capacity of the legislative control to the administration, re-define the role model of the legislator, the regulation of the parliaments in the Constitution, and analyze nowadays how opposition becomes the very important power in the parliament to supervise the government and its overall crucial political influences. This paper discovers that the parliaments play different control role under the different combination of the legislative and the administration. Due to the congressmen or the opposition hold the certain control power, while executing the governmental actions, the government will be controlled by the congressmen because of the boycott toward particular projects and policies. Meanwhile the government belongs to the minority, it also will be refrained by other parties, opposition alliance or its own party. In the mean time, if the parliaments hold the capacity to legislate as to proceed the effective control to the government. However, the parliaments only keep the influence on the law but is not able to be against to the majority government, so its minor influence to the law or even no influence explains the same weakness. Therefore the power from the opposition becomes the important role. The parliament uses its control right to government and its instruments of control are precisely regulated, to play the assembly role between the administration and the people. Although there is the saying that the parliamentary system is on the decline, the parliaments still keep the traditional power which is not easy to be erased.