地下的秩序－論清代天地會的社會連帶

長期以來，清代會黨的革命性被過度的神聖化，使許多相關論述忽略了會黨的社會連帶是他們集體行動的基礎。本文認為，從會黨建立互動網絡的過程，可以底層社會的視角，觀看到民間秘密結社最真實面貌。本文以清代天地會為例，從「社會連帶」的社會學概念切入，分析天地會的關係互動，及形成集體行動的本質，以勾勒天地會最基本的輪廓和行動的本質。分析發現，橫向的關係紐帶為天地會提供緊密的社會關係；天地會利用「說自己的故事」的方式建立信仰，而情感結合了信仰，使組織內部關係黏合得更堅實；為了確保結社成員向心，天地會透過具文的內規達到行動的規訓，並在利益的誘導下建立集體行動的一致性。五個面向描繪了天地會建立內外關係的過程與基本運作模式，對天地會的集體行動的基本動能及社會樣貌提供一個不同的解釋。

關鍵字

天地會；社會連帶；秘密社會；集體行動

並列摘要

The revolutionary of secret society in Qing Dynasty has been sanctified deucedly for a long time, therefore many of the researches ignored the social solidity was the base of collective action of secret society. This paper considers that the real appearance of secret society may be observed from the establish process of secret society interaction network, the view point of minority. The article took the Tiandehui（天地會） for example, starting from the concept of ＂social solidarity＂ to analyze the Tiandehui interaction and the essence of the formation of collective action to depict the most basic shape and the essence of action of Tiandehui. The analysis found that the horizontal network offered Tiandehui the close social relationships; the Tiandehui took advantage of “fabricated story” to establish belief and integrated the emotion to further reinforce the solidarity. In order to ensure the members of association cohering centripetally, the Tiandehui drew up the rules to reach the effect of discipline, and furthermore induce the consistency of collective action by common interests. The five aspects depict the process of relationships of establishing and the basic mode of operation of the Tiandehui and provide a different explanation about collective action stimulus and social appearance of the Tiandehui in Qing Dynasty.