中西「智德」思想比較研究：以先秦孔、孟、荀儒家與多瑪斯哲學為據

A Comparison of Chinese and Western Thoughts of "Prudence": Based on the Pre-qin Confucianism of Confucius, Mencius, and Xun-zi and the Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas

潘小慧(Hsiao-Huei Pan)

《哲學與文化》 30卷8期 (2003/08) Pp. 115-137

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200308.0115

摘要

本文以中國先秦孔、孟、荀儒家與西方多瑪斯二者的思想為據，作為中西「智德」思想的比較基礎，探討二者在智德思想上是否有可以對話的基礎或融通之道。由於文化及語言使用的差異，中西在智德的理解與詮釋上，也呈現十分不同的面貌，研究者以為這主要是異中見同。即便是同為先秦儒家之孔、孟、荀哲學在智德議題上，彼此也是既有承接儒學傳統的一面，也有開創新局的一面，這主要是同中見異。本文即首先針對「智德之意與性質」分別探討多瑪斯與先秦儒家二者的看法，在先秦儒家方面又區分出孔、孟、荀三子之個別論述，呈現三子思想之差異。其次，針對荀子所提之「知/智」的三層說：「使人知己」、「知人」、「自知」，來反省說明智德雖意在「知人」實則奠基於隱而未顯之「自知」上。接著，探討各家除了孟子外，皆以為智德不是天生即有而須靠後天培育。再者，從孟子將智德關聯良知良能，來對比多瑪斯之論智德與良心、良知之差異。最後，提出三點觀察作為此一比較研究的暫時結論。

關鍵字

智德 ； 儒家 ； 孔子 ； 孟子 ； 荀子 ； 知 ； 智 ； 多瑪斯 ； 明智 ； 實踐智慧 ； 德行倫理

並列摘要

This article is founded on the Pre-qin Chinese Confucian thoughts of Confucius, Mencius, Xun-zi and the Western thoughts of Thomas Aquinas to compare the Chinese and Western ideas about ”prudence (practical wisdom)” in order to see if they have some basis to make a dialogue upon. Due to the cultural and language differences, the understandings and interpretations about prudence in China and the West are apparently different, which are assumed to be similar in some way despite all the seeming differences. Even the three Pre-qin Confucians have their individual traditional and innovative thoughts about the issue of prudence, which are different despite all the seeming similarities.
In this paper, we first explore Aquinas's and the Pre-qin Confucians' views respectively in terms of the ”concept and nature of prudence,” while the Pre-qin Confucianism is further categorized into three different doctrines by Confucius, Mencius, and Xun-zi, presenting the differences in their thoughts. And we address the three grades of ”prudence(moral intellect) ”-”making others know one's self”, ”knowing others”, and ”knowing one's self”-to show that prudence is founded on the implicit ”knowing one's self” while focuses on ”knowing others.” Then it is explored that, except Mencius, Aquinas and the Confucians believe prudence to be acquired rather than natural. Furthermore, beginning with Mencius's relating prudence with intuitive knowledge and ability, we show the distinction between Aquinas's doctrines respectively about prudence and conscience. Finally, three observations are proposed as the temporary conclusion of this comparative study.

並列關鍵字

Prudence ； Confucianism ； Confucius ； Mencius ； Xun-zi ； Intellect ； Knowledge ； Thomas Aquinas ； Wisdom ； Practical Wisdom ； Virtue Ethics

參考文獻

潘小慧(2002)。多瑪斯論「智德」之性質與組成。哲學論集。35，1-25。

潘小慧(2003)。德行與倫理—多瑪斯的德行倫理學。台北:哲學與文化月刊雜誌社。

(2002)。《論語》中的「智德」思想。哲學與文化月刊。29(7)，585-595。

(2002)。《孟子》中的「智德」思想。哲學舆文化月刊。29(10)，891-903。

(2002)。《孟子》中的「智德」思想。哲學舆文化月刊。29(10)，891-903。