日治時期中等學校教師檢定考試之研究

中等學校教師檢定考試，其全稱為文部省師範學校中學校高等女學校教員檢定試驗，日治時期皆略稱為文檢。文檢制度自1885年開始實施，至1943年為止，共實施78回，此後因戰爭中斷3年；二戰後，1947-1949年改以「文部省中學校高等女學校教員檢定試驗」之名稱，又舉辦了3回，實施時間前後長達65年，總共81回。文檢制度設立的目的，主要是拔擢無法取得正式或更高學歷，而具有真才實學的教育人才。當一名稱職的中學教師除了必須具備相當的專科知識外，教育概論、教育心理學、各種教學法等教育知識是不可或缺的，這是為了確保非師範系統的應試者除了專業能力外，也能兼具教育基本知識，以能勝任教職。日治時期，臺灣地區報考文檢試驗究竟始於何時？目前無法斷言。1909年8月20日，臺灣總督府第一次舉辦文檢預備試驗，此後臺灣地區之應試者不必每年專程前往東京參加預備試驗，足見在1909年以前臺灣就有人報考「文檢」試驗，而必須每年專程搭船赴東京應試。文檢制度之實施對無相應學歷、但有教學能力之「秀才」是一大福音。有幸「登龍門」的合格者，不僅衣錦還鄉，更可藉此取得中學校、師範學校與高等女學校教師之資格。但其合格率低，難度又高，在僧多粥少的情況下，如何在筆試超越眾人，並獲得口試主考官的青睞，非有一套周全的應試準備計畫不可。本文擬探究二戰結束以前日本與臺灣的中等教育師資之實際狀態，從「文檢」制度之治革、應試之準備，試圖全面性地探討文檢制度的實施過程，其次爬梳日治時期臺灣參加文檢者之概況，以究明文檢制度對臺灣中等教育師資之影響。

關鍵字

教師檢定試驗；免許狀（教師證）；師範學校；中學校；高等女學校

並列摘要

The teacher certification examination for the secondary school, formally ＂The Teacher Certification Examination for the Normal School, Middle School and Girls' Senior High School of the Ministry of Education＂ was abbreviated in Japanese as ＂bunken＂ (ぷんけん). The examination had been implemented for 78 times from 1885 to 1943. It was interrupted by the war for three years. After World War II, it was held three times from 1947 to 1949 under the name of ＂The Teacher Certification Examination for the Middle School and Girls' Senior High School of the Ministry of Education＂. The total number of examination was 81 times during the whole 65 years of its existence. The purpose of implementing the examination was to promote those who could not have got normal or higher degree, but with genuine talent for education. In addition to specialized knowledge, a qualified secondary school teacher had to have educational knowledge in such subjects as introduction to education, educational psychology, and educational methodologies and so on. It was essential for assuring non-normal system candidates equipped with both professional competence and basic educational knowledge. There was no conclusive date on the first time of the secondary teacher qualifying examination during the Japanese colonial period. It was known that on 20^(th), August, 1909, the Governor-General of Taiwan held the first pre-examination, so that Taiwanese candidates didn't have to take the annual trip by boat specially for such examination in Tokyo. It was thus obvious that there were Taiwanese candidates who had to take qualification examination in Tokyo before 1909. The implementation of qualification examination was a good news for those who had non-normal education. Those who were thus qualified could become the middle school, normal school, and girls' senior high school teachers, but the qualified rate was low and difficult. In this case of demand exceeding supply, it took a perfect plan to prepare for a successful qualifying examination. The essay explores the real situation of the secondary school teachers preparing for such examination in Japan and Taiwan before World War II. It discusses the history of the certification examination and the general idea of Taiwanese candidates during the Japan colonial period in order to clarify the influence on the secondary school teachers in Taiwan.