- 期刊
納粹德國種族意識的名詞運用－以「北方人種」（Die Nordische Rasse）為例
The Nordic Race (Die Nordische Rasse)-The Fundamental Racial Conception of the Nazi Regime
摘要
1933年至1945年的納粹政權是人類歷史上，迄今唯一一個利用現代生物學意義的遺傳屬性與種族、血統概念，奠定為國家意識型態的政權。傳統印度以宗教與風俗習慣所形成的社會階級式「種性制度」國家，以及近代日本欲追隨歐洲強權殖民帝國之步伐，以「脫亞入歐」論而建立起來的強權，均無法與納粹政權的生物種族特性相比。希特勒試圖創造前所未見的血統、種族的共同體，並且以此同質性，重新定義民族的內涵，種族也因而成為衡量萬物的唯一標準與尺度。納粹政權企圖在最短時間內，將德國脫胎換骨為種族意識——而且是反猶太人的種族意識之國家。但是希特勒與其核心幕僚人員，均無力自創種族理念，因而必須採用學術界已有的種族論調與詞彙。1922年由鈞特（Hans F. K. Günther）寫作出版的《德意志人民的種族學》（Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes），其中提出了「北方人種」論。強調「北方人種」起源於阿爾卑斯山以北、歐洲中部，而且是深具文化創造力的優秀種族，但是面臨了生存危機。藉由此著作之暢銷，「北方人種」一詞開始在德國社會流行。對納粹而言，此書是絕佳的種族思想宣傳作品。但是一個在威瑪共和時期，才逐漸普及的種族名詞，何以能擠身於傳統使用的「亞利安人」、「日耳曼人」等種族名詞行列中，成為國家種族思想的基調？究竟鈞特的「北方人種」論與納粹反猶太人的種族意識，有多少親合性？有多少差異性？納粹如何運用此名詞？為何1940年之後，「北方人種」論卻逐漸失勢？本文試圖藉由回答這些問題，瞭解納粹政權取用種族概念與詞彙的標準。
並列摘要
The uniqueness of Hitler's Third Reich was based on its anti-Semitic racial ideology. Race, under the biological meaning, racial struggle and the German race as the supreme race were at the core of Nazi's ideology. By using the concept of the biological race, Adolf Hitler tried to redefine the German nation and to rebuild a powerful German empire. But Hitler and the Nazis were not capable of creating the new racial conception or even the new vocabularies. They had to borrow from the scientific researches and the scientific publications. Hans F. H. Günther, who was to become one of Germany's most popular racial theorists, published ”Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes” in 1922. This book soon captured many Germans' attention and became one of the best seller in Germany. Günther pointed out that the Nordic race originated in northern Alps and middle Europe, and although they were a race with many creative abilities, they had to struggle for their racial existence. Günther's argumentations and his popular publications were the best propaganda for the racial ideology. 'The Nordic Race' soon became the fundamental racial conception of the Nazis. But what is the real core of Günther's Nordic conception?Was his racial conception so intimate with the Nazi's anti-Semitic racial ideology? This research will try to answer these questions.