唐長安慈恩寺大雁塔初創形制破解

西安市現存的慈恩寺大雁塔被導遊者解說為“唐代建築”，但是由於它經過明代大修，已面目全非，所以在《中國古代建築史》中不予收錄。歷來建築史家認為唐初創時的大雁塔形制已無從知曉，所以此塔原狀就成了千古之謎。其實，唐代玄奘法師到印度取經歸來、經皇帝批准在長安慈恩寺按照他帶回的圖樣建造的大雁塔，其所本的原形－佛陀迦耶精舍，在玄奘所著《大唐西域記》中是有記載的。印度現存的這座塔也是經過大修而改變了面貌的，如果知道玄奘當時所看到的佛陀迦耶精舍的式樣，將它與現存大雁塔對照考察，則初創時的真相就可大白於天下了。經過多年的查找，終於找到了印度佛陀迦耶精舍原狀的材料。於是不但破解了大雁塔初創形制之謎，而且考證出武則天時改建的式樣以及晚唐維修後的式樣。從而澄清了“大雁塔曾經推倒重建”的說法。

關鍵字

建築史；唐代；大雁塔；玄奘；佛陀迦耶精舍

並列摘要

The Dayanta of Dacien Temple at Xian always was said as the creation of Tang Dynasty by tourguids. The Dayanta that we know now isn't the initial form, but the reconstructure in Ming Dynasty. Everything's changed beyond recognition. So The History of Ancient Chinese Architecture didn't embody it. The architecture historians thought that the initial form wouldn't be known at all. It become the mystery of thousands of years. After Master Xuan Zang back from India, the Tang Emperor permitted him to build the Dayanta according the drawing that Master Xuan Zang had brought back. The Jingshe (Vihara) at Boddhgaya was the prototype, and it was on record in Si-yu-ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World by him. The temple in India had changed beyond recognition the same. If we know the form what Master Xuan Zang saw in India, and try to survey with Dayanta, everything will be clear about Dayanta. After searching for several years, I found the materials about initial form of viraha. I decipher the mystery and verify the forms that the Empress Wu Zetian rebuilded, and that was repaired in Later Tang. This paper clarifies the argument that Dayanta was overturned and reconstructed.