從口供內容看清代前中期民間秘密宗教的活動（1723-1850）

Discussion on Activities of Folk Secret Religious Sects in Early Ch'ing Dynasty (1723-1850) According to Official Trials

邱麗娟(Li-Chuan Chiu)

《興大歷史學報》 23期 (2011/06) Pp. 41-74

https://doi.org/10.29624/CHJH.201106.0002

摘要

清代民間秘密宗教發展甚為興盛，彼時教派林立，尤在底層社會普遍流傳，但官方基於鞏固政權穩定與維護社會風氣考量，將其視為「邪教」，命令地方官員時加查禁、審理，並將查辦情形與教犯供詞奏報朝廷。由於教犯供詞是其接受官方受審過程時的口頭交代筆錄，直接陳述其傳教或習教原委，可說是底層社會民眾口語意見與情感的表達。這些供詞透露出教中人士的生活環境、心理狀態與教派活動的多重面貌。諸多教派傳播係透過師承、家業或是自創教派等方式進行，教內師父編造「消災祈福」、「來生富貴」言論，並以宗教性醫療方式為手段，積極地吸引群眾入教。另從教徒口述其入教過程，可知其多半對教義內涵未必有深刻體認，習教動機係受師父勸誘所致，希冀透過拜師入教能夠改變既有命運。總之，教內人士各懷「利己」心態，並配合各自的生活條件參與教派活動，致秘密教派在底層社會甚具發展空間。

關鍵字

民間秘密宗教 ； 聚會活動 ； 醫療傳教 ； 教案審理 ； 口供

並列摘要

The development of folk secret religious sects flourished in Ch'ing period. The sects were widely prevalent among the lower strata society. However, the Ch'ng government looked the sects as evil religion, and restrained the existence of the sects in order to maintain good custom and strengthen political power. The government authorities ordered the local officials to prohibit the activities of the sects, and to report the investigation and prisoners' confession to royal court. For the trials were written oral confession of prisoners by officials, they stated directly the process of participation of the sects. Therefore, the trials expressed the voice of lower strata people, and revealed many features of the sects, such as their life condition, inner thought, activities of the sects, etc.According to trials, we can understand the religious background of the masters of sects came from their teacher, family or their own establishment. The masters of the sects made the statement of pursuit of future happiness, wealth and prestige, utilized religious medicine for curing disease of the patient, and attracted positively common people to attend the sects. On the other way, by the oral statement of believers, most of them probably did not know the content and theory of sects deeply, and were persuaded to attend the sects by the introduce of the masters in order to change their present situation.Therefore, I argue that the economic advantages to leading or joining sects were what attracted so many from the lower strata of society to participate in secret sects so enthusiastically, and it would affect widely the expansion of the sects.

並列關鍵字

Folk Secret Religious Sects ； Religious Assembly ； Preachment by Medicine ； Official Condemnation about Religious Cases ； Trails

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