兩種公民資格觀的歷史發展與對話

The Historical Dialogue between Republican Citizenship and Liberalist Citizenship

沈宗瑞(Tzong-Ruey Shen)

《教育與社會研究》 3期 (2002/02) Pp. 1-34

https://doi.org/10.6429/FES.200202.0001

摘要

本文主旨在以國家與社會、經濟與政治、民族與國家等三個對應角度分析自十八世紀以來西方兩種公民觀念－共和主義與個人自由主義在發展中的對立與互補。爲求扼要處理，文中主要以具有代表性的學者對其時代議題的反省與言論作爲探討內容。在國家與社會方面，盧梭共和主義的思想提供了法西斯主義和共產主義理論基礎，洛克、彌勒的個人自由主義則一直是民主資本主義國家的立國精神，因而所謂人民主權與個人主權持續在觀念與制度實踐上產生對話。二十世紀中葉後，參與式民主與精英民主、自由主義與社群主義則成爲國家與社會間的主要論題。在經濟與政治方面，主要討論二十世紀後國家涉入經濟發展以及社會福利的程度與合法性的議題，迄今社會公民權應否列爲必要的公民權利則仍無定論。雖然如此，調和性的觀點已表現在上世紀末的理論及政策上。在民族與國家方面，歷史上民族主義與公民認同的關係在全世界呈現了數種類型。隨著資本主義全球化及種族意識的復興趨勢，公民認同與權利意識勢必將大幅度轉變。台灣在全球化與複雜的國內外局勢中，未來公民資格意識的培養將面臨更嚴苛的挑戰。

關鍵字

公民資格 ； 共和主義 ； 自由主義 ； 社群主義 ； 民主理論 ； 民族國家 ； 國家認同

並列摘要

This paper is to analyze the contrast and complement of the two types of citizenship-Republicanism and Liberalism, which has developed from 18 century till now. The analysis is done in three different contexts-state vs. society, economy vs. politics and nation vs. state. To make the paper focused, typical scholars' theories and insights on the contemporary issues are mainly researched.
In the context of state vs. society, Rousseau's Republicanism provided the theoretic basis of Fascism and Communism. Lockean Liberalism has always been the spirit of democratic capitalist countries. Thus, people sovereignty and individual sovereignty have continually been contrary and complementary when realized in the institutions of many countries. After the middle of 20th century, participatory democracy and elitist democracy, Liberalism and Communitarianism have become the discussed issues.
In the context of economy vs. politics, the main study is on the legitimacy and the extent of social welfare as a citizenship when countries developed economically. Nevertheless, revised and mediate view could be seen in the theory and the policy at the end of 20th century.
In the context of nation and state, various types of historical nationalism and national identify could be seen around the world. With the trend of globalized capitalism and the revival of nationalism, dramatic changes of national identify and the citizenship are predictable. Among the complex citizenships and the complicate situations domestically and internationally, Taiwan will be faced with severe challenge in the development of awareness of citizenship.

並列關鍵字

citizenship ； Republicanism ； Liberalism ； Communitarianism ； democracy ； nation-state ； national identity

參考文獻

石元康合著(1992)。當代政治思潮。台北:民主基金會。

江宜樺(1998)。自由主義、民族主義與國家認同。台北:揚智。

余英時(1987)。中國思想傅統的現代詮釋。台北:聯經。

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沈宗瑞(1999)。國家•社會與公民權的發展。通識教育季刊。6(2)