韓國體育運動歷史演進與民族主義之形成

本文以歷史社會學的取徑，探究韓國運動民族主義的動態發展歷程。首先檢視18世紀帝國主義打開門戶之後，西方文化如何影響韓國的民族體育思想。其次，1910之後日本殖民統治在政治和社會領域的多重壓迫下，引起韓國體育運動與認同領域的反日情結和族群民族主義。1948年之後朝鮮半島因為美蘇介入而分裂，但南、北韓在國際比賽時仍可以被概括在同一個想像共同體之下，1990年之後全球化與在地化的辯證關係，深化了認同討論的複雜性。最後，跆拳道因為具有民族文化的特殊性，並兼具傳統體育的歷史性和現代運動的國際性，使其成為認同形塑的重要工具。綜而觀之，韓國體育運動與國家認同的形塑歷程中，因為帝國主義、殖民主義、現代化和全球化等多重力量而呈現互動關係，而日本是認同建構最重要的他者；北韓則因為血緣和歷史上的共同性而被視為我者，展現了泛韓族群主義。本文試圖詮釋韓國民族主義與運動的相互影響，並思考現代運動、傳統體育、民族主義及全球化之間多重的動態關係。

關鍵字

民族主義；國家認同；韓國；體育運動

並列摘要

This paper employs the approach of historical sociology to observe the developments of sports and nationalism in South Korea. Several historical issues are in focus. First, it examines how imperialism opened the national gate of Korea in the 19th century, and how the western cultures constructed the idea of national sports. Second, Korea suffered multiple suppressions on the fields of their politics and society under the Japanese colonization after 1910, and Korean established vivid ideas of Anti-Japan complex and ethnic nationalism within the fields of sports and the national identity. The dialectical relationship between globalization and localization after 1990, it enhances the complexity within the issue of national identity in a deeper level. Last, the Taekwondo became an important means for shaping the Korean national-identity due to its character of ethnic culture as well as its historicity of the indigenous sport and its modernity. In particular, during the process of the Korean sports and national identity, it shows the interactions with the influences of imperialism, colonialism, modernization and globalization within the construction of Korean national identity, and Japan has been seen as ”the other,” but on the other hand, North Korea has been seen as part of ”the self” in the characteristic Pan-Korean nationalism. In sum, this paper analyses the interaction between Korean nationalism and sport, and considers the dynamic relationship among modern sports, traditional sports, nationalism and globalization.