Symbolic Ethnicity among the Taiwanese Hakka: An Analysis of the Hakka Basic Law

台灣客家人之象徵性族群認知：『客家基本法』之分析

田上智宜(Tanoue Tomoyoshi)

《台灣國際研究季刊》 8卷2期 (2012/06) Pp. 173-190

https://doi.org/10.29800/TLSQ.201206.0008

摘要

本研究主要在探討台灣客家人的族群性，透過客家基本法立法過程的分析來佐證當代台灣社會對於客家族群的認知已愈來愈趨近於將其視為象徵性的族群，並且承認這種族群特性為客家族群意識中的重要部分。2010年1月立法院三讀通過『客家基本法』，受到台灣社會各界的歡迎。這項法律最大的特徵在於客家人的認定問題，也就是台灣社會如何定義客家人，客家族群通常被歸類為語言（方言）群，但是『客家基本法』卻不以客語當作認定客家人的判斷標準。相較於立法委員版草案採用較為嚴格的應具備語言能力為其要求標準，行政院版草案則採取不強制將語言能力列入認定範圍，因此在立法過程中引起了許多激烈的討論。而最後拍板定案所公佈的版本中，針對客家人定義的部分，顯示了承認其為象徵性的族群的趨勢在當代台灣已是不可避免的現象。『客家基本法』俱備了兩種不同面向，它一方面內化了客家運動以來的目標，亦即維持客家族群為語言群的特質，而同時它也積極地導入了象徵性的族群的觀點。

關鍵字

台灣客家人 ； 『客家基本法』 ； 象徵性族群

並列摘要

This study explains the perception of ethnicity in Taiwanese society; specifically, Taiwanese people are now adhering to ”symbolic ethnicity,” and this trend will be used to recognize a person as a part of the Hakka ethnicity. In January of 2010, the Legislative Yuan passed the Hakka Basic Law, thereby giving legal ground for the recent promotion of Hakka cultural policies; thus, this legislation was welcomed by most of the people in Taiwan. The unique point of this law concerns the definition of the Hakka. The Legislative Yuan's proposal did not mention the Hakka language as a criterion to define the Hakka people, but a counterproposal presented by members of the assembly used the Hakka language as one of the criteria, thereby leading to a heated argument associated with this issue. The enactment of this law indicates that the trend toward recognizing symbolic ethnicity is indubitable in contemporary Taiwan. Despite the lack of language requirements in the definition of the Hakka people, the Hakka Basic Law did not abandon the objective of sustaining and developing their language. Indeed, two distinct goals are immanent in this law, i.e., the aim to maintain the Hakka language group alongside the active recognitions of symbolic ethnicity as an important part of the Taiwanese Hakka ethnicity.

並列關鍵字

Taiwanese Hakka ； Hakka Basic Law ； symbolic ethnicity

參考文獻

Council for Hakka Affairs, ed. 2011. Survey of Nationwide Hakka Population's Basic Data in 2010 to 2011.

(1989).Hakka Storm.15

Legislative Yuan Gazette. 2010. Vol. 99, No. 4.

Alba, Richard(1990).Ethnic Identity: The Transformation of White America.New Haven:Yale University Press.

Gans, Herbert(1979).Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America.Ethnic and Racial Studies.2(1),1-20.