The Kuril Islands, or Hoppo Ryoto in Japanese, which means the Northern territories, are small islands between Japan and Russia. Both Japan and Russia claim sovereignty over them. The dispute on the islands arose after the Second World War, but this dispute can be traced back to their long-term competition since the 18th century. Their disputes on these islands influenced not only Russo-Japanese relations but also Northeast Asian safety. This paper is intended to analyze the background and element of Russo-Japanese cold war and analyze the resolution of their disputes from the study of the Kuril Islands issue.