紐西蘭大學裡的「機會平等」政策與實踐

New Zealand's Tertiary Education for the Māori: "Equal Opportunities" Policy and Practice

闕河嘉(Ho-Chia Chueh)

《台灣原住民族研究季刊》 2卷1期 (2009/03) Pp. 95-128

https://doi.org/10.29910/TJIS.200903.0004

摘要

紐西蘭高等教育政策以「機會平等」為核心概念，保障毛利族群等弱勢族群在高等教育的受教機會。在「夥伴關係」的原則下，一方面保障毛利族群得以在毛利部落大學，或稱wānanga中發展、學習、維繫毛利自身傳統文化與知識體系；一方面力求發展毛利學生和教職員的教育資歷和專業技能，以提升毛利族群在歐洲白人為主宰的紐西蘭社會中的社會經濟地位。本文旨在析論紐西蘭以雙文化為主軸的毛利高等教育發展。首先說明毛利高等教育發展中，「機會平等」政策的內涵與其法規依據。接著以三個面向呈現「雙文化主義」或「機會平等」的實踐：（1）紐西蘭教育部為尊重毛利知識積累與傳承所擬定的毛利高等教育架構；（2）以奧克蘭大學為例，探討其為大學如何保障、推動校內的毛利族裔的教育機會與品質；（3）奧克蘭大學的毛利原住民的就業環境，與「平等就業機會」方案的實踐成效。最後，本文質疑毛利族群機會平等政策依據法規之一的『懷坦吉條約』，未能滿足保障毛利人的「平等」發展。

關鍵字

高等教育 ； 機會平等 ； 雙文化主義 ； 懷坦吉條約

並列摘要

”Equal opportunities” is a core concept in New Zealand tertiary education policy, to assure the Māori and other minority students for receiving tertiary education. For the Māori, the principal of partnership and its associated notion of biculturalism underpin the Māori tertiary education development. Biculturalism in practice, secures the development of Māori medium tertiary institution, Wānanga to maintain Māori culture and knowledge systems. Biculturalism also aims to develop the Māori's educational qualifications and professional skills, so to enhance Māori's socio-economic status in New Zealand. This paper illustrates the bicultural tertiary education policies and practices for Māori, beginning with an outline of ”equal opportunities” policies. Then, three dimensions of the ”equal opportunities” practices are evaluated: 1) the ”Māori Tertiary Education Framework” was a key document that guides Ministry of Education for developing higher education development; 2) equal opportunities policies within University of Auckland that are designed to improve Māori students academic status quo; 3) the ”Equal Employment Opportunities” (EEO) program that manages to increase representations of Māori staff within the campus. Last but not least, this paper is critical of the effectiveness of Treaty of Waitangi in the practices of equal opportunities for the Māori in the field of tertiary education.

並列關鍵字

Māori ； tertiary education ； higher education ； equal opportunities ； biculturalism ； Treaty of Waitangi

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