票據保證－以日本法為中心

票據保證乃票據行為人於票據面上記載保證或同一旨趣之文字，擔保支付全部或一部票據金額之票據行為。因此保證人係擔保發票人、背書人或承兌人等被保證人，與其等負同一內容之責任，為票據行為之一種，因具有獨立性，故不具先訴抗辯權。民法上保證係從屬於主債務行為，主債務消滅或減少而使保證債務亦隨之消滅、減少。而票據保證適用票據行為獨立原則，因此其所擔保之債務若為無效，亦不受影響。民法上保證因保證而增大其債權價值，但商人間之票據保證，反而造成信用不佳之證明，故轉換成以發票、背書或承兌等方式為隱存的保證之方式，而達成同一之經濟目的。保證人得否援用被保證人之人的抗辯事由，若從執票人取得票據原因關係之不當，係得以承認保證人之援用，此係與票據保證獨立性之爭議。總之，票據消滅時效完成，追索權之時效尚未完成，若考量執票人未獲清償之票據目的，其係得以向背書人行使權利。反之，保證人之所以得援用被保證人之人的抗辯事由，係從執票人行使權利之不當性來考量。若如此，保證人對被保證人之求償及被保證人對執票人之不當得利返還之程序，即得以被省略。全文分為六節，第一節票據保證之意義；第二節票據保證之方式；第三節票據保證之效力；第四節多數票據行為人與保證之關係；第五節票據保證之從屬性與獨立性；第六節結論。此專題雖係以日本法為中心，並於相關情形比對日內瓦統一票據法及UNCITRAL，使更能於錯縱複雜學說中，理出頭緒。當中最重要者，若依票據行為因保證而負獨立性理論，則保證人係不得援用被保證人之人的抗辯事由，對此於本國文獻係較欠缺者。但此時並非機械式的考量獨立性，若執票人持有票據並不具有正當性時，當從執票人行使權利之不當性而提出抗辯，拒絕其行使權利。

關鍵字

票據保證；票據主債務；票據從債務；共同保證；共同發票；隱存的票據保證；票據保證之從屬性；票據保證之獨立性；合同責任；不真正連帶債務

並列摘要

1. ＂Pay guaranteed＂ or equivalent words added to a signature mean that the singer engages that if the instrument is not paid when due he will pay it according to its tenor without resort by the holder to any other party. If a bill of exchange bears signatures of persons incapable of being themselves by a bill of exchange, or forged signatures, or signatures of fictitious persons, or signatures which for any other reason cannot bind the persons who signed the bill of exchange or whose behalf it was signed, the obligations of the other person, who have signed it are none the less valid . 2. Pay of a bill of exchange may be guaranteed by an aval to the whole or part of its amount. This guarantee may be by a third person or even by a person who has signed to the bill. The aval is given either on the bill itself or on an allonge. It is expressed by the words ＂good as aval＂ on by any other equivalent formula. It is signed by the giver of the aval. It is deemed to be constituted by the mere signature of the giver of the aval placed on the face of the bill, except in the signature of the drawee or of the drawer. An aval must specify for whose account it is given. In default of this, it is deemed to be given for the drawer. The giver of an aval in the same manner as the person for whom he has become guarantor. His undertaking is valid even when the liability which he has guaranteed is inoperative for any reason other than defect of form. He has, when he pays a bill of exchange, the rights arising out of the bill of exchange against the person guaranteed and against those who are liable to the latter on the bill of exchange. 3. Persons sued on a bill of exchange cannot set up against the holder defenses founded on their personal relations with the drawer or with previous. But the holder in acquiring the bill, which is out of the ordinary exchange relation, the drawer can set up against the holder defenses, and the guarantor of bill can do it too.