WTO體系與國際環境法之互動（一）WTO下SPS協定與生物安全議定書之關係－以預防原則之解釋適用為例

The Interaction of WTO Law and International Environmental Law (Part I): The Relationship between the WTO/SPS Agreement and the Biosafety Protocol

洪思竹(Szu-Chu Hung)

《臺灣海洋法學報》 7卷1期 (2008/06) Pp. 79-103

https://doi.org/10.29881/TLSR.200806.0004

摘要

當代生物科技快速發展衍生出一系列的環境問題，特別在改性活生物體跨境運輸的管制上，更與國際貿易有一定程度的連結，亦即，其同時該當於食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定與生物安全議定書的規範對象。然而，生物安全議定書的整體思考是分權方式，由各國完成其特定的風險評估標準；而食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定在於調和各國不同檢疫標準，並力圖以明確的國際標準為各國實行檢疫措施之標準。雖然於後定的生物安全議定書的協商過程中某程度地調和了這種出發點的不同，但就預防原則的實質內涵來說，兩個協定在此原則的定位上仍未達成共識。本文討論兩個協定的協調關係，並避免空泛的理論說明而忽略了相關條文的適用可能性，是故期以具體的解釋適用以觀察條約衝突，並提出及其解決之道。於此種研究方法之下，生物安全議定書一系列措施之實施，很可能符合限制自由貿易之例外，兩個國際協定適用結果可能並無衝突可言。

關鍵字

預防原則 ； 生物安全議定書 ； 食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定 ； 世界貿易組織

並列摘要

Rapid development of modern biotechnology raises a series of environmental problems, particularly in the transport of living modified organisms cross-border controls. Furthermore, it is the issue related to international trade on a certain extent, that is, under the provisions of both SPS Agreement and Biosafety Protocol. On the other hand, the Biosafety Protocol asks all Members to complete their own specific risk assessment standards; however, in stark contrast, the goal of the SPS Agreement is to reconcile the different national quarantine standards and to attempt to clear international standards. Even though the consultation process of the Biosafety Protocol reconciles the difference, with regards to the content of precautionary principle, two agreements have not yet reached a consensus.This thesis tries to discuss the coordination between the two agreements. Not only does the thesis avoid vague theory that probably neglects the relevant applicable provisions, but observe the conflict and find the solution through the specific interpretations of the agreements. In such research methods, the implementation of a series of measures of the Biosafety Protocol is likely to comply with the exception of restriction on free trade, and the applications of the two international agreements may not be conflicted at all.

並列關鍵字

Precautionary Principle ； Biosafety Protocol ； SPS Agreement ； WTO

參考文獻

牛惠之(2002)。WTO之SPS協定V生物安全議定書－就預防原則與風險型態論衝突之不必然性。貿易調查專刊。7

Charnovitz, Steve(2000).The Supervision of Health and Biosafety Regulation by World Trade Rules.Tulane Environment Law Journal.13

Falkner, Robert(2000).Regulating Biotech Trade: the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.International Affairs.76(2)

James, Clive(1999).ISAAA Briefs. No. 12.Ithaca, New York:International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications.

O`Riordan, T,J Cameron(1994).The History and Contemporary Significances of the Precautionary Principle.(Interpreting the Precautionary Principle).