- 學位論文
植物工廠之菠菜水耕栽培
Hydroponic Culture of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Plant Factory
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摘要
台灣位處亞熱帶，夏季颱風、豪雨，冬季寒流、豪雨嚴重影響蔬菜生產，供不應求使菜價飆漲，天候因素影響社會民生。利用環控式植物工廠的立體化生產模式與養液栽培是減輕天災造成作物損傷、並確保蔬菜產量及品質穩定之方式。菠菜具有株型直立、生長期短、營養價值高、可加工利用等特點，有適於植物工廠商業化生產之優勢。 本研究從菠菜種子滲調處理、水耕養液配方至植物工廠的環控條件依序試驗，以尋求適合菠菜栽培的條件。以菠菜品種 ‘西螺一號’ 、 ‘美和’ 、 ‘改良梨山’ 、 ‘夏豐耐熱圓仔’ 和 ‘夏豐耐熱角仔’ 進行發芽處理，比較品種發芽速率及處理效果。每品種有7種處理，分成浸種於18N H2SO4 0.5 hr、1 hr或2 hr，及浸硫酸後再以30％（w/w）PEG-6000 (-1.3MPa）滲調處理，以浸種於去離子水2 hr為對照組。另以 ‘168’ 、 ‘法連草’ 、 ‘本地角粒’ 品種進行硫酸浸種處理(0.5 hr、1 hr、2 hr或2.5 hr)，及硫酸浸種＋PEG滲調處理，加上對照組，每品種有9種處理。各菠菜品種之最高發芽率及處理依次為 ‘改良梨山’ (硫酸2 hr發芽率93.3％)、 ‘168’ (硫酸2.5 hr＋PEG發芽率86.7％)、 ‘本地角粒’ (硫酸2 hr＋PEG發芽率81.7％)、 ‘夏豐耐熱圓仔’ (硫酸1 hr發芽率76.7％)、 ‘夏豐耐熱角仔’ (硫酸1 hr＋PEG發芽率76.7％)、 ‘美和’ (硫酸2 hr發芽率66.7％)、 ‘法連草’ (硫酸1 hr＋PEG發芽率66.7％)及 ‘西螺一號’ (硫酸1 hr 發芽率56.7％)。 在國立臺灣大學之自然光源人工氣候室(日/夜溫25/20°C)，於2010年7月、8月、10月及11月進行四批菠菜之養液栽培，比較養液配方。第一批7月移植後栽培25天以 ‘法蓮草’ 有最大單株總鮮重，73.9 g；第二批8月移植後栽培20天各菠菜品種總鮮重為30.3〜41.7 g。第三(10月)、四(11月)批分別是移植後栽培20、32天，皆顯示 ‘美和’ （單株鮮重分別為21.2 g、56.1 g）、 ‘168’ （單株鮮重分別為21.2 g、54.7 g）、 ‘法蓮草’ （單株鮮重20 g、46.3 g）無顯著差異，而 ‘西螺一號’ （15.9 g、41.5 g）總鮮重最低。且‘美和’、‘168’皆以養液一栽培之總鮮重較大。四批試驗皆以 ‘法蓮草’ 與 ‘美和’ 的葉片、葉柄硝酸鹽濃度較低。葉片維生素在第三批為1,502 ppm〜1,790 ppm，第四批為1,175 ppm〜1,390 ppm。不同養液配方沒有影響葉片/葉柄維生素C濃度。 在植物工廠進行三批菠菜試驗栽培。第一批日/夜溫為15/15°C、光週期10 hr，第二批D/N 20/15°C、光週期10 hr，第三批D/N 20/15°C、光週期11 hr。二氧化碳濃度都設定為1200 ppm，有兩種光強度(400 μmolm-2 s-1與280 μmolm-2 s-1)處理。三批的結果顯示在高光強度下菠菜總鮮重、單葉鮮重、葉數、葉長都比低光下為大；綠素計讀值、葉柄硝酸鹽濃度則較低。‘美和’、‘168’有較大總鮮重(分別為 76.5 g-88.7 g與77.9 g-85.6 g)及單葉鮮重(分別為6.5 g-7.6 g與5.8 g-6.7 g)。葉片維生素C以 ‘168’ (3,655 ppm，第二批)最高，在第三批各菠菜品種的葉片維生素C沒有顯著差異，介於2,345〜2,790 ppm。各菠菜品種的葉片與葉柄硝酸鹽濃度沒有顯著差異； ‘美和’ 葉柄硝酸鹽濃度為2,201-1,540 ug g-1， ‘168’ 與 ‘法蓮草’ 為2,851-1,820 ug g-1， ‘美和’ 葉片硝酸鹽濃度也最低(第二批，720 ug g-1)。第二批在兩種光度下，栽培30天、25天之單葉鮮重分別為4(高光)〜3.5 g(較低光)及2.6(高光)〜2.4g(低光)。栽培20天之單葉鮮重分別為2.6、1.8 g。高光強度下，單葉鮮重以 ‘168’ (4.5 g)、 ‘美和’ (4 g)較大。第三批在兩種光強度下栽培15天之單葉鮮重分別為2 g、1.5 g；栽培30天之單葉鮮重分別達5 g、4.2 g。高強度光下， ‘美和’ 單葉鮮重(4 g)最大。 進行兩次光週期試驗；第一次分為光週期11 hr栽培30天與先在10 hr光週期栽培25天再以16 hr光週期栽培5天(10/14+16/8 hr)兩種處理，第二次分為12 hr、11 hr 及11 hr光週期栽培25天再以16 hr光週期栽培5天(11/13+16/8 hr)三種光期處理。第一次結果以栽培於10/14+16/8 hr光期之葉片維生素C高於11 hr光期處理(3,900 ppm vs. 2,803 ppm)。第二次栽培以11/13+16/8 hr光期處理之葉片維生素C (2,958 ppm)最高，11 hr 及12 hr 光週處理分別為2,723 ppm、2,448 ppm。採收前短時間(5天)延長光期能增加葉片維生素C。葉柄維生素C以 ‘法蓮草’ (182-225 ppm)、 ‘西螺一號’ (166-207ppm)較高。葉片維生素C在第一次以 ‘法蓮草’ (3,975 ppm)、 ‘美和’ (3,515 ppm)較高；在第二次，品種間沒有顯著差異，都介於2,503〜2,913 ppm。 ‘美和’ 與 ‘法蓮草’ 的葉片維生素C相對較高。 在植物工廠以11 hr光週期、日/夜溫25/20°C、較高光強度下菠菜產量較大；供試品種以‘美和’品質最佳。
並列摘要
Taiwan as located in the subtropical regions is succumbed to the destructive summer typhoons, heavy rain and winter cold current. Serious crop loss results in the soaring price of vegetables in market and the short vegetable supply affects people's livelihood. The model of plant factory-style production with environmental control and multiple layered hydroponic culture has great promise to reduce crop damage caused by natural disasters and to ensure vegetable production and stable quality. Spinach with upright plant type, short growth period, high nutrition and processing use are suitable for commercial production at the plant factory. To study the growth requirement for spinach at the plant factory, experiments on seed treatment for uniform germination, hydroponic solutions and optimum environ- mental factors are conducted. Spinach varieties including ‘Siluo No.1’, ‘Mei Ho’, ‘Improved Lishan’, ‘Shia Feng Round’ and ‘Shia Feng Angled’ are given seven treatments to test for the germination rate and treatment effect. Seeds were soaked in 18N H2SO4 for 0.5 hr, 1 hr or 2 hr, and after soaking some seeds were primed in 30% (w/ w) PEG-6000 (-1.3MPa) for 7 days. Imbibition in deionized water for 2 hr is served as a control. ‘168’ , ‘Spinach’ and ‘Native Angled’ were further tested for the effect of seed treatments, adding two more of soaking for 2.5 hr in sulfuric acid and H2SO4 2.5 hr＋PEG. The best germination rate and seed treatment for each variety in descending order are: ‘Improved Lishan’ (93.3％, sulfuric acid 2 hr), ‘168’ (86.7％, sulfuric acid 2.5 hr＋PEG), ‘Native Angled’ (81.7％, sulfuric acid 2 hr＋PEG), ‘Shia Feng Round’ (76.7％, sulfuric acid 1 hr), ‘Shia Feng Angled’ (76.7％, sulfuric acid 1 hr＋PEG), ‘Mei Ho’ (66.7％, sulfuric acid 2 hr), ‘Spinach’ (66.7％, sulfuric acid 1 hr＋PEG) and ‘Siluo No.1’ (56.7％, sulfuric acid 1 hr)。 Hydroponic culture was conducted at the phytotron of National Taiwan Univer- sity in July, August, September and November, 2010 with Day/Night temperature of 25/20°C。‘Spinach’ had the largest plant weight of 73.9 g in July 25 days after trans- plant. All varieties had plant fresh weight of 30.3〜41.7 g in August 20 days after transplant. There was no significant difference in plant weight of ‘Mei Ho’, ‘168’, and ‘Spinach’ in October 20 days after transplant and in November 32 days after transplant. The plant weight in October and November for ‘Mei Ho’, ‘168’, and ‘Spinach’ was 21.2 g and 56.1 g, 21.2 g and 54.7 g, 20 g and 46.3 g, respectively. ‘Siluo No. 1’had the lowest plant weight (15.9 g and 41.5 g. Both ‘Mei Ho’ and ‘168’ grown with Solution 1had the largest plant weight. All experiment from the phytotron showed that nitrate concentrations of leaf blade and petiole are lower in ‘Spinach’ and ‘Mei Ho’ . Leaf vitamin C concentrations range in1,502 ppm〜1,790 ppm in October, and 1,175 ppm〜1,390 ppm in November. The solution formula did not affect vitamin C concentration. In the plant factory, the day/night temperature was 15/15°C for July, 20/15°C for September and October. Photoperiod was 10 hr for July and September, 11 hr for October. Concentration of carbon dioxide was 1,200 ppm for all plantings, two light intensity treatments were 400 μmolm-2 s-1 and 280 μmolm-2 s-1. Under higher light intensity there were higher plant fresh weight, single leaf weight, leaf number, and leaf length than under less light. SPAD values and petiole nitrate concentration were lower under less light. ‘Mei Ho’、‘168’ had higher plant weight (76.5 g-88.7 g and 77.9 g-85.6 g, respectively)and single leaf weight (6.5 g-7.6 g and 5.8 g-6.7 g, respecttively). The highest leaf vitamin C was obtained in ‘168’ (3,655 ppm，September). There was no significant difference in vitamin C concentration among varieties in October , ranging between 2,345〜2,790 ppm. ‘Mei Ho’ petiole nitrate concentration was 2,201-1,540 ug g-1 , ‘168’ and ‘Spinach’ was 2,851-1,820 ug g-1. ‘Mei Ho’ had the lowest leaf nitrate concentration (720 ug g-1,September). Under high light intensity, ‘Mei Ho’ had the highest single leaf weight of 4 g. Leaf vitamin C concentration was higher with photoperiod treatment of 10/14+16/8 hr than 11 hr (3,900 ppm vs. 2,803 ppm). Further test gave higher leaf vitamin C concentration from 11/13+16/8 hr photoperiod treatment (2,958 ppm) than 11 hr or 12 hr (2,723 ppm and 2,448 ppm, respectively). Short period (5days)of extending photoperiod before harvest could enhance leaf vitamin C content. Leaf vitamin C was higher with ‘Spinach’ (3,975 ppm) and ‘Mei Ho’ (3,515 ppm) in September and there was no varietal difference in October, all ranging between 2,503〜2,913 ppm. In the plant factory, spinach can be grown under 11 hrof photoperiod, D/N temperature of 25/20°Cand high light intensity to get good yield. Among tested varieties, ‘Mei Ho’ has the best quality.
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