從天下到共和：帝國轉型下的民初宗藩制度（1912-1929）

「中國」的內涵是什麼？近年隨著中國大陸崛起而成為學界討論的焦點，尤其是新清史學派以及各種中國探究文獻的增長，大大補充了以往我們對中國的理解。然而這些論述少有從帝制與共和時期轉型的過程切入，區辨共和初期的中國如何維繫以及整合。對於民國初年的蒙古王公制度，既有的論著多僅以攏絡、妥協、敷衍觀點加以解釋。在此背景下，本文以宗藩互動、政教關係、地理生態、國際影響四個整合面向，組成一個分析框架，探討北元到民初的蒙古各部與北京政府的整合機制，並依循歷史制度論的研究途徑，以制度作為切入點進行觀察。尤其聚焦在民國初年，外蒙古以外的蒙古各部如何在同一套制度下與北京政府發生關係。本文發現，清初以來對蒙古各部的統領過程延續百餘年，相應的制度隨之向外延展。這套制度在清末民國初年，也因一系列重大關鍵時刻的作用與袁世凱政府的施政而延續，如1911年底到1912年初的南北議和、外蒙古獨立、呼倫貝爾獨立等，最終確立保證蒙古王公的政治經濟權益。民初宗藩制度包含針對清代制度的延續、重建、新創、修改與新舊並用五大類別。舊制度的路徑依賴也與新秩序並存，形成一幅富有宗藩色彩的共和樣貌，因而「五族共和」真正的意義也就是以各族平等之名，使用宗藩體系將邊疆民族整合維繫在中國之內，這與共和國精神雖不盡相同，但保持了中國。另外，本文也分析制度實施在廣袤蒙古地域上的差異，針對新疆、內蒙古西部與青海三處建構類型，分別為「外力影響型」、「傳統延續型」與「軍閥主導型」，顯示各的的實踐與運行係受到當地區位與四項因素的影響而有所不同。最後，本文的研究發現回應「攏絡說」的不足，並且也針對新清史學派過少地探究民國初年，給予一定的補充。從民國初年的國家整合來看待現代中國的性質，將會有助於對「中國」的近現代發展具備更大的理解視野，從而突破單一的中國想像。

關鍵字

五族共和；宗藩制度；中國；蒙古王公；新疆；蒙藏委員會；帝國；內蒙古

並列摘要

What is the meaning of "China"? In recent years, with the rise of the Mainland China, it has become the focus of discussion in academia, especially the growth of the New Qing History School and “China Inquiries” literatures, which greatly complement our understanding of China. However, these arguments rarely cut through the process of transition from the imperial and republican periods, and rarely district how China maintains and integrates in the Early Republican China. For the Mongolian princely system, the existing works are mostly explained by the idea of lasso, compromise, and perfunctory. In this context, this paper combines the four integration aspects of interaction –tributary interactions, the relationships between religion and politics, geographical and ecological interactions, and international influence– to form an analytical framework to explore the integration mechanism between Mongolic people and the Beijing government from the beginning of the Northern Yuan dynasty to the early Republic of China. We follow the Historical institutionalism approach to observe the institutions. In particular, this paper focus on how Mongolic peoples outside of Outer Mongolia have had a relationship with the Beijing government under the same system. This paper finds that the process of commanding the Mongolic peoples has continued for more than a hundred years since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, and the corresponding institutions has been extended. This system was extended in the early years of the Republic of China because of a series of critical junctures and the Yuan Shi-kai government’s effort. Finally, they confirm the political and economic rights of Mongolian princes. The corresponding institutions include five categories of continuation, reconstruction, innovation, modification and use of the new and old. The path dependence of the old institutions coexists with the new order, forming a kind of republicanism with rich Tributary colors. Therefore, the real meaning of the "Five Races Under One Union" is to integrate the frontier nationalities with the Tributary system in the name of equality of all ethnic groups. In China, this is not the same as the spirit of the Republic, but it has maintained China. This paper also analyzes the differences in the implementation of the institutions in the vast Mongolian region. The three types of construction in Xinjiang, western Inner Mongolia and Qinghai are “external force influence type”, “traditional continuity type” and “Warlord-oriented type”. It shows that the practice and operation departments in different regions are affected by the location and four factors. The research findings of this paper responds to the shortcomings of "lasso story", and also gives a certain supplement to the New Qing History School form exploring the early years of the Republic of China. Looking at the nature of modern China from the national integration in the early Republic of China will help us to have a greater understanding of the modern development of "China" and thus break through a single Chinese imagination.