不同的施肥管理對土壤化學性質、酵素活性及微生物族群結構的影響

Effect of different fertilization managements on soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial communities

陳存澤(Tsun-Tse Chen)

指導教授 ： 鍾仁賜

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農業化學研究所/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2008.02173

摘要

土壤中之微生物特性為土壤品質重要指標之一。土壤酵素被視為土壤生態系擾動、土壤受污染、作物對有機添加物反應和土壤品質與肥力的指標。穩定及功能多樣的微生物族群對土壤品質是很重要的，土壤的生物多樣性也可當做土壤品質和生態系穩定的指標。本研究之目的在探討經施用不同種類及不同量之有機肥料對土壤性質的影響，分別探討其對土壤化學性質和碳、氮、磷、硫等元素循環相關的土壤酵素活性及土壤微生物族群結構之影響。經多年施用之後分析土壤化學性質、和碳、氮、磷、硫等元素循環相關的土壤酵素活性及以磷脂質脂肪酸分析法瞭解土壤微生物族群結構，以作為農業土壤永續發展及維持土壤環境品質的參考依據。本試驗土壤分別採自三處之試驗田：一、高雄農業改良場旗南分場，試驗設計採完全逢機設計分為六種處理：(一) 對照組 (CK)；(二) 化學肥料處理 (CF)；(三) 有機肥一倍量處理 (1X)；(四) 有機肥二倍量處理 (2X)；(五) 有機肥三倍量處理 (3X)；(六) 有機肥四倍量處理 (4X)。二、台中農業試驗所玉米與水稻輪作的試驗田，試驗設計採逢機完全區集設計分為七種施肥處理：(一) 對照區 (代號CK)；(二) 化學肥料區 (代號Chem)；(三) 堆肥區 (代號Comp)；(四) 堆肥配合三分之一量化學氮肥區 (代號Comp + 1/3 N)；(五) 堆肥配合三分之二量化學氮肥區 (代號Comp + 2/3 N)；(六) 綠肥配合三分之一量化學氮肥區 (代號GM + 1/3 N)；(七) 泥炭配合三分之一量化學氮肥區 (代號Peat + 1/3 N；泥炭處理)。三、桃園區農業改良場溫網室試驗田，試驗採逢機完全區集設計分為七處理：(一) 牛糞堆肥 (代號CD)；(二) 豬糞堆肥 (代號HD)；(三) 雞糞堆肥 (代號PM)；(四) 大豆粕堆肥 (代號SBM)；(五) 豌豆苗殘體堆肥 (代號PC)；(六) 輪施區（牛糞堆肥--豌豆苗殘體堆肥--豬糞堆肥--大豆粕--雞糞堆肥）(代號SA)；(七) 對照區：未施肥料。研究結果顯示，高雄區農業改良場經七年不同肥料施用量管理，施用與化學肥料處理區三倍氮肥用量的有機肥料 (7,770 kg N ha-1) 為最佳用量，再提高施用量並不會顯著提高土壤有機質含量。土壤所有酵素活性會隨堆肥施用量上升，但在施用與化學肥料處理區三倍與四倍氮肥用量的有機肥料處理間無顯著差異。土壤中細菌、革蘭氏陽性陰性菌、放線菌及真菌族群生質量會隨施用堆肥施用量上升，但超過7,770 kg N ha-1亦不再顯著提高。台中農業試驗所經十二年不同施肥管理及水稻-玉米輪作後，結果顯示，有機碳含量以堆肥加三分之二化學氮肥處理有最高值 (19.7 g kg-1)，可能是由於堆肥加三分之二化學氮肥處理施用堆肥之外，其作物產量高，土壤中植物殘體也較多。在本試驗地各處理間土壤酵素活性差異不明顯。綠肥加三分之一化學氮肥處理各土壤微生物族群生質量相較於其他處理高，顯示新鮮有機物施入土壤中，其對微生物影響持續至當季作物栽培結束。而結果顯示不同施肥管理經多年之後的確會對土壤中的微生物多樣性與豐度造成不同的影響。桃園區農業改良場經七年不同施肥管理結果顯示，施用大豆粕會使土壤pH值下降至4.7，且因其礦化速率快，碳、氮亦不會在土壤中累積，導致土壤酵素活性及微生物活性、族群數量下降，建議不連續施用；施用豌豆苗殘體堆肥對微生物族群數量及微生物活性性提高最多。由本研究可知，在溫室條件下，不同的有機物經集約連續處理多年之後，對土壤微生物族群之多樣性與豐度之影響不同。

關鍵字

施肥管理 ； 土壤酵素 ； 微生物生質量 ； 微生物族群 ； 磷脂質脂肪酸分析

並列摘要

Microbial characteristics of soil have been regarded as important indicators of soil quality. Soil enzyme activities can be used as an index of soil interference, response of crops to organic amendment, soil pollution, soil quality, and fertility. Stable and functional diversity of microbial communities is very important to soil quality. Soil microbial diversity can also be an indicator of soil quality and stabilization of ecology system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different kinds and application rates of organic fertilizers and crop rotation system on soil chemical and biological properties. After long-term application of the different rates and kinds of organic fertilizer, the soils were sampled and the chemical properties, soil enzyme activities related to C, N, P, S cycles, and the microbial communities structure using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis were analyzed. Soil samples were taken from three experimental fields: 1. the experiment at KDARES-CBS contains six treatments which were arranged in complete randomized design (CRD): (1) CK (control, without fertilizer), (2) CF (chemical fertilizer treatment), (3) 1X (organic fertilizer with the same amount of N as CF), (4) 2X (organic fertilizer with two fold of N as CF), (5) 3X (organic fertilizer with three fold of N as CF), (6) 4X (organic fertilizer with four fold of N as CF); 2. the experiment at TARI contains seven treatments which were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD): (1) CK (control, without fertilizer), (2) Chem (applied chemical fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applied compost only and with the same amount of N as Chem), (4) Comp + 1/3 N (compost combined with one third amount of N as Chem plot), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (compost combined with two third amount of N as Chem plot), (6) GM + 1/3 N (green manure combined with one third amount of N as Chem plot), (7) Peat + 1/3 N (peat combined with one third amount of N as Chem plot); 3. the experiment at TDARES contains seven treatments which were arranged in RCBD: (1) CD (cattle dung manure), (2) HD (hog dung manure), (3) PM (chicken dung manure), (4) SBM (soybean meal), (5) PC (pea seedling residue compost), (6) SA (sequential application of the above five kinds of compost mentioned), (7) Control (without fertilizer). The results indicated that after seven years of different fertilization managements at KDARES-CBS, the 3X treatment was the optimum recommendation application rate of the organic fertilizer. The enzyme activities studied in soil increased with the application rate of organic fertilizer, however, there was no significant difference between 3X and 4X treatments. PLFAs of bacteria, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, respectively, also increased with the application rates of organic fertilizer and reached maximum at 3X treatment. There were also no significantly difference effects on soil chemical properties between the 3X and 4X application rates of organic fertilizer. After twelve years of different fertilization managements and rice-corn rotation at TARI, Comp + 2/3 N treatment shared the highest organic matter concentration in the soil. It might be due to the application of compost and the higher crop production resulting in higher amount of crop residues. There were no significant differences among treatments in enzyme activities in the soils of different treatments. The biomass of different microbial communities in GM + 1/3 N treatment was higher than that of other treatments indicating that the effect of fresh residues of green manure applied to soil on microbial lasted till the harvesting of the crop. The results also showed that after 12 years of different fertilization managements have different effect on the diversity and abundance of soil microbes. After seven years of intensive cultivation at TDARES, SBM treatment resulted in the lowest soil pH (4.7), which was due to SBM mineralized rapidly in the soil. The SBM treatment also resulted in the lowest soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass. SBM is not adequate as organic fertilizer applying continuously for crop cultivation. On the other hand, applying PC increased the biomass of different microbial communities, and the highest microbial activities. The study showed that continuously intensive cultivation with applying different organic matter resulted in different effects to soil microbial communities diversity and abundance in the greenhouse.

並列關鍵字

fertilization management ； soil enzyme ； microbial biomass ； microbial communities ； phospholipid fatty acid analysis

參考文獻

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