平面表徵在知覺消失現象所扮演的角色

The role of surface representation in perceptual blindness.

許儷絹(Li-Chuan Hsu)

指導教授 ： 葉素玲

共同指導教授 ： 黃榮村(Jong-Tsun Huang)

國立臺灣大學/理學院/心理學研究所/博士(2004年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2004.01856

摘要

知覺填補（PFI）與運動引發視盲（MIB）是兩種具有類似特性的知覺消失現象：注視包含目標物與背景的畫面一段時間，目標物會消失、再現，如此重複好幾次。過去認為此二者由不同的機制所造成：PFI需要經過邊界適應及背景質地的內插，而MIB則與注意力有關。本研究以PFI與MIB為例，探討平面表徵在視覺消失現象所扮演的角色，並提出一個理論模型來解釋。在此模型中，同一平面內的競爭會受到邊界適應的影響，而當目標物沈入背景而與其區隔為不同平面時，不同平面間的競爭則不受邊界的影響。當目標物與背景競爭之後，背景質地便經由內插計算將目標物的區域填補起來，且必須建立了平面表徵之後，注意力才能作用在其上。因此，知覺消失現象的機制，必須先有平面表徵的建立，接著產生目標物與背景在相同平面內或不同平面間競爭，當背景贏得勝利，則會進行內插填補，導致目標物消失。注意力則是作用在形成目標物的邊界上。本研究共分兩大部分。第一部份（實驗一、二）確立PFI與MIB都能受到平面表徵與邊界適應歷程的影響。第二部分（實驗三、四、五）則由邊界適應、質地特性、與注意力操弄來檢驗所提出的知覺消失模型。實驗一操弄像差深度，將PFI目標物與背景區隔為不同平面，結果目標物的消失會受到不同平面表徵的影響（與MIB相似）。在實驗二中，觀察者先適應某一邊界，則發現MIB目標物的消失會受到先前邊界適應的影響（與PFI相似）。實驗三操弄邊界長短作為邊界適應歷程的指標，探討邊界適應與平面表徵的關係。當目標凸出或與背景同平面，則邊界愈長目標物愈難消失；若目標物沈入背景，則其消失不受邊界的影響。實驗四操弄目標物與背景的像差深度、背景質地運動與否、與質地成分的知覺組織關係。結果發現當目標物沈入平面、背景質地以一致的方向移動、或質地成分具群聚關係時，目標物最容易消失。實驗五藉由指導語操弄注意力投注在目標或背景，結果發現當注意目標物時，目標物較易消失。綜合五個實驗的結果，支持本研究所提之知覺消失的理論模型。

關鍵字

知覺消失 ； 平面表徵 ； 邊界適應 ； 平面競爭

並列摘要

PFI and MIB are two phenomena of perceptual blindness in which perceptually salient target repeatedly disappear and reappear in the background after prolonged viewing. They were considered different mechanisms in which PFI was caused by boundary adaptation and fast interpolation while MIB was due to high-level (e.g., attention) processes. We argue, instead, that the two phenomena share common mechanisms and surface representations of the target and the background play a greater role than has been hitherto considered. In this study we examined, by using PFI and MIB, the role of surface representation in perceptual blindness, and a model of perceptual blindness was proposed. In this model, boundary adaptation operates when the border ownership belongs to the target, while surface competition occurs when the target and the background are separated into different surfaces and the target loses the border ownership. Attention facilitates the process of boundary adaptation by operating on the boundary that belongs to the target. In Experiments 1 and 2 respectively, depth ordering between the target and the background was manipulated in PFI, and pre-adaptation to the target boundary was manipulated in MIB. Results from these two experiments demonstrated that PFI and MIB were both influenced by surface competition and boundary adaptation. In Experiment 3, the total length of the target boundary and the disparity depth cue were manipulated. We found that when the target and the background were on the same surface or the target was seen above the background the fading of the target was influenced by the length of the target boundary; while when the target was perceived to be behind the background, the fading of the target was free from the influence of the boundary. In Experiment 4, the properties of the texture elements of the background (depth ordering, motion coherence, and grouping) were manipulated. The fading of the target was found easiest when the target were sunk into the background, when the background texture elements were in coherent motion, and when there was good grouping between texture elements. In Experiment 5, participants’ attention was manipulated and the effect of attention was found to facilitate the adaptation of the target boundary. Results from all the experiments support the model that perceptual blindness occurs after surface representation is established.

並列關鍵字

surface representation ； perceptual blindness, boundary adaptation ； surface competition

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