起重機作業之災害原因分析和預防對策之探討

Investigating the disaster causes and preventive strategies of crane operation accidents

林育昇(Yu-Shing Lin)

指導教授 ： 林信一

長榮大學/健康科學學院/職業安全與衛生學系(所)/碩士(2015年)

https://doi.org/10.6833/CJCU.2015.00145

摘要

起重機具在各項工程中是相當常見的吊升機具，廣泛運用於營造業、製造及修配業和倉儲貨運業等行業之中。本研究整理分析勞動部2003~2012年危險性機械職災實例，從103件的重大職災案例中，分別以物體飛落、被撞、墜落及滾落、物體倒塌崩塌等四項災害類型中，選擇主要90件的災害，從每件案例中檢查報告所列入4至5個基本原因，歸納比較肇災的基本原因個數，以90件案例為分母，求其發生率，獲致主要以未實施安全教育訓練為74.4％；未實施自動檢查為66.7％；未訂定安全衛生工作守則有53.3％；未設置勞工安全衛生主管、人員有31.1％；使用起重機吊掛作業人員未使其接受特殊作業安全衛生教育訓練有31.1％；未告知承攬人相關工作環境之危險因子占16.7％，為主要發生原因和發生率。
所有研究對象共103案件中，每件皆有一個直接致死的原因，分析直接原因，獲致最高吊掛物體飛落壓死27.2％、高處墜落26.2％、機體撞擊致死17.5％及機體翻覆14.6％，為前四項主要致死原因。另外再從間接原因中，分別以人為因素、設備因素、環境因素等三方面來區分探討，人為因素以未作人員安全防護措施在96次的原因中占25％為最多，設備因素中起重機未具有安全裝置或安全裝置失效在33次原因中占51.5％比例最高，環境因素中作業場所未採取防止人員進入吊物下之措施於62次原因次數中有53.2％占最多。
本研究整理以檢查員現場調查所敘述災害發生經過之103件案例，將問題再分為設備問題、人為疏失和作業環境來探討，設備問題中最主要的是吊掛用具損壞和機具無防護裝置，在17件的原因中有9件占52.9％，人為疏失方面最主要原因為操作不當，在38件的原因中有14件占36.8％，作業環境共45件其中以人員進入作業範圍有16件占35.6％，各為最主要原因。分別探討其對應預防災害之方式，相關作業員應確實配戴安全防護裝備，作業前後應加強對機械之檢查，現場要做適當的管制，非相關作業人員禁止進入。起重機作業之主管、負責人、現場監督人員、操作人應配合嚴格的管理機制，將起重機的施工安全列為重點的安全防護工作。

關鍵字

固定式起重機 ； 移動式起重機 ； 基本原因 ； 直接原因 ； 間接原因 ； 職業災害 ； 重大職災 ； 設備問題 ； 人為疏失 ； 作業環境

並列摘要

Cranes with lifting is a common tool widely used in the construction industry, manufacturing and repair industry and warehousing freight industry among other industries. This study analyzes the data from 2003 to 2012 the Ministry of Labour mechanical post-disaster hazard instance. Focus in four types of disasters induction include 90 disasters in comparison hazards fundamental reason, Each case will be included in the inspector 4-5 basic causes, and compare the number of disaster induction Hajime basic causes to 90 as the denominator, seeking its incidence attainable mainly to failure to implement safety education and training accounted for 74.4%; not implemented automatically checks (66.7%); not set health and safety codes of practice accounted for 53.3%; Not set labor safety and health supervisor, personnel (31.1%); the use of a crane hanging workers to accept special operations for the health and safety education and training accounted for 31.1%; the contractor failed to inform the relevant work environment risk factors (16.7%), as the main reason for the occurrence and incidence.
In the study of 103 cases, each case all have direct lethal causes, highest flying object hanging crushed 27.2%, falls of 26.2%, 17.5% and lethal body hit the body capsized 14.6% for the first four cause of death . Another reason for the comprehensive and from indirect anthropic factors, equipment factors, environmental factors distinguish investigate anthropic factors in the absence of personnel security measures accounted for 25% of the reasons for a maximum of 96 times; the device does not have a safety factor in the crane or security device failure accounted for 51.5% of the highest percentage in 33 causes; environmental factors in workplace measures are not taken to prevent persons entering under hanging objects have 62 reasons accounted for 53.2% of the maximum number of times.
Collating investigation of inspector after the disaster in the study of 103 cases, The problem is further divided into equipment problems, human error and operating environment to explore that equipment question the most important question hanging utensils and equipment damage unprotected devices, accounting for 52.9% in 17 of the reasons, the main reason is human error improper operation, in 38 reasons accounted for 36.8 percent of the working environment in the 45 reasons to personnel to enter the job scope, accounting for 35.6% to the main reason for the occurrence. Explore the way of disaster prevention correspondence respectively, related operators should actually wear safety equipment before and after the job should strength to inspect machinery, field officer need to do the appropriate regulation, unrelated workers prohibited from entering. Competent crane operation which the responsible person, field supervision, operators should cooperate strict management mechanism construction crane safety as a key security protection work.

並列關鍵字

fixed cranes ； mobile cranes ； basic causes ； director causes ； indirect causes ； occupational accidents ； serious occupational accidents ； equipment problems ； human error ； working place

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