海上貨物保險之航程之研究

The Study on Duration of Marine Cargo Insurance

莊雲雁(Yun-Yen, Chuang)

指導教授 ： 曾國雄 ； 曾文瑞

長榮大學/管理學院/航運管理研究所/碩士(2008年)

https://doi.org/10.6833/CJCU.2008.00141

摘要

摘 要
台灣為海島型國家，因此海上運輸便成為我國對外貿易之主要運輸方式之一。船貨於海上運行，面對複雜多變之海上風險，海上運輸與海上貿易業者即透過海上保險來轉嫁風險，以便於海上危險事故發生時獲得及時之補償，並降低財務之衝擊。然而，於海上保險實務中，判斷貨損索賠是否成立，保險期間即為保險人必要之考量。保險人，據此判斷其是否應負理賠責任；被保險人，據此判斷其是否有權請求保險理賠，對雙方權益影響甚巨，海上貨物保險航程之重要性自不言而喻。
本研究探討與比較國際間實務上使用之保險條款發現，ICC 1982與ICC (AIR) 1982、AICC 2004、UNCTAD條款及中國人民保險公司之海洋運輸貨物保險條款，此五套條款關於保險期間之規定，大致相同。惟， ICC (AIR) 將貨物卸貨完成後之期限縮限為30天；UNCTAD條款由雙方當事人合意訂定卸貨後之期限，又UNCTAD條款於保單終止規定上，定有貨物受領權利人受領貨物之情況。再者，UNCTAD條款與中國人民保險公司之海洋運輸貨物保險條款對於航程變更皆無Held Cover之規定。於AICC 2004之部分，依其規定可應被保險人之請求而使保單效力延長30天，且其保險單之效力並不隨運送契約效力之終止而終止。另，AICC 2004條款訂有「退貨或拒絕」條款及「併櫃/拆櫃」條款之規定，此乃與ICC 1982最大之差異，且其對卸載完成之保險標的物再為出售之保單效力、變更航程時如何使保單效力持續，以及應保險人檢查與確認受損貨物而暫時停止運送時之保單效力，均有明確之規定。
最後，由海上貨物保險期間於市場上應用之情形，建議保險人於與被保險人訂定保險契約時，將AICC 2004與UNCTAD條款中較貼近海運實務作法之條款，以批單之方式將其附加於保單之上。再，對於被保險人之建議即，被保險人應依其危險負擔之情況安排保險，並應於保險單上明定裝/卸貨之風險歸屬之情況，同時賣方應善用託運人利益保險轉嫁風險。
關鍵字:海上保險、保險期間、航程保險、貨物保險條款。

關鍵字

海上保險 ； 保險期間 ； 航程保險 ； 貨物保險條款

並列摘要

Abstract
Taiwan is an island which surrounded with sea. Each trade act all relies on the sea and air transportation. Therefore marine transit becomes one of the main transportation modes to foreign trade. The ships and goods sailing on the sea, which in the face of varied risks. The marine transportation and marine trade proprietors used to use marine insurance to transfer the risks. So that when the perils take place they can obtain prompt compensation to reduce their attack on finance. However, in marine insurance practice, insurance duration is one of the accounts to judge weather the cargo claim will come into existence. To the insurer, insurance duration is the account to judge weather he should responsible for the claim. To the assured insurance duration is the account to judge weather he has the right to make claim for compensation. Thus insurance duration will have great effect to both parties. Therefore it goes without saying that the importance of duration to marine cargo insurance.
This study discusses and compares Institute Cargo Clauses 1982, Institute Cargo Clauses (AIR) 1982, American Institute Cargo Clauses 2004, UNCTAD Cargo Clause and China Insurance Clause about cargo insurance duration’s regulations, then discover that almost all regulations about duration are the same. However, there is reduction of duration to 30 days after unloading in ICC (AIR) and in UNCTAD Cargo Clause the duration about after unloading is decide by both parties. In UNCTAD Cargo Clause there has the regulation about take insured cargo by any authorized persons in termination of insurance. And UNCTAD Cargo Clause and China Insurance Clause for change of voyage all without regulation of Held Cover to assured. In AICC 2004, it regulate the effect of insurance can extend 30 days by assured and the termination by carriage of contract doesn’t affect the effect of insurance.
Besides, AICC 2004 also have the regulation on below: the effect of insurance on insured cargo sells after unloading, the duration about change of voyage and the effects of transit paused by insurer for the purpose of establishment of loss or damage. Further, AICC 2004 has the regulation that distinct from ICC 1982 about the circumstances of shipments returned or refused and Consolidation/ Deconsolidation.
Finally, from the circumstances on duration of marine cargo insurance in practice to suggest when insured and assured to accord the contract could add the clause in AICC 2004 and UNCTAD Clause that different from ICC 1982 to cater to transportation demand. And assured should fully aware which stage is his risk and according this to arrange insurance. Beside should confirm the risk of loading/unloading on the policy.
Keywords: marine insurance, insurance duration, voyage policy, cargo insurance clause.

並列關鍵字

marine insurance ； insurance duration ； voyage policy ； cargo insurance clause

參考文獻

2.李旻玲，協會貨物保險條款保險期間之研究，淡江大學保險學系保險經營碩士班碩士論文，民國94年。

3. 曾文瑞，「論我國海上貨物保險之保險利益問題與解決建議」，運籌研究集刊，第二期，民國91年12月，頁19-38。

1. Dr. Gerhard Luttmer and Klaus Winkler, Trade Terms and Marine Cargo Insurance, Gerling-Konzern Allgemeine Versicherungs-AG, 2nd 1991.

5.劉宗榮，「論海上保險之保險期間」，社會科學論叢，第39期， 民國80年5月，頁1-16。

10.William D. Winter, Marine Insurance Its Principles and Practice, McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPA NY, 3rd 1952.