男主外、女主內：竹科印度工程師家庭日常生活研究

Breadwinner and Housekeeper: The everyday life experiences of Indian engineer family in Taiwan Hsinchu Science Park

黃品翊(Huang, Pin Yi)

指導教授 ： 沈秀華

國立清華大學/人文社會學院/社會學研究所/碩士(2016年)

摘要

印度專業人士向來有海外遷移的傳統：第一波自1960年代開始，從印度往西方英語系國家遷移；第二波始於1990年代，受資訊科技產業發展影響，許多國家面臨資訊科技勞動力短缺問題，因而開放國家移民政策，透過短期或長期技術移民解決國家內部技術勞動力問題。台灣因為移民政策開放，加上政府與科技業界從印度尋找技術勞動力，政府與業界兩方力量作用的結果，印度籍專業人士自2005年開始大幅增加，集中在台北與新竹兩個地區。

本研究採用深度訪談及參與觀察法，以新竹科學園區印度工程師家庭為研究對象，從工作場所以外角度，探討印度工程師家庭的生活經驗，家庭再生產活動與日常生活如何受性別階級差異及台灣社會影響，社交生活又因印度既有界線呈現何種圖像。研究發現，印度工程師家庭的遷移由男性主導，男性追求在特定產業中知名企業工作而遷移，受性別規範、台灣移民法規限制、高科技產業長工時影響，家庭性別分工呈現男性為養家者、女性為持家者，原本有工作的女性以配偶身分領取依親簽證到台灣，因為移民法規、職業性質、語言隔閡因素，導致女性難以在台灣就業，遷移後經歷向下流動的過程。不同階級、城鄉、工作經驗背景女性，對再生產活動有不同感受；而男性、女性在日常生活中，也會因為性別與階級差異產生不同經驗，女性因為語言隔閡，生活經驗相對充滿困難。社交生活中，印度家庭透過男性在公共場所建立印度連帶，印度社群以網路形式呈現，印度既有的區域、城鄉、種姓界線，成為印度移民之間互相畫界的工具。最後，對印度工程師而言，台灣在全球科技產業網絡中所處位置，奠定台灣的跳板性質，職涯發展、小孩教育問題以及對台灣移民政策的主觀感受，促使印度工程師家庭離開台灣，遷移到下一個國家。

關鍵字

技術移民 ； 印度工程師 ； 性別分工 ； 日常生活

並列摘要

Indian professionals have a longstanding history of migration dating back to the 1960s, where they began to migrate towards English speaking countries. The second wave began in 1990s in the face of professional labor shortage due to the booming Information Technology industry, which led many countries to revise their immigration policies to allow skilled migrants, either permanently or temporarily. In Taiwan, most of the Indian professionals live in Taipei and Hsinchu. The number of Indian professionals grew rapidly since 2005 because the immigration policy opened to skilled migrants. The Taiwanese government and technology companies were actively recruiting skilled labor force from India.

This thesis uses in-depth interview and participant observation to study the daily lives of Indian engineers and their families outside of working environment. Focusing on Indian engineers employed by the Hsinchu Science Park, this research discusses the following questions: How are family activities and everyday lives among Indian families affected by gender and class differences in Taiwanese social context? How do the existing boundaries in Indian society affect their social life in Taiwan?

This research revealed that the main reason behind Indian engineers and their families to migrate overseas was the career aspiration. Male engineers often aimed for well-established companies in selected technology industries. The Indian workforce is highly male-dominant, therefore the husbands with higher paying jobs frequently single-handedly make the decision to migrate. The migration process is affected by gender norms, the restrictions of foreign immigration policies, and the long working-hour in Taiwanese technology industry. Their female spouses, who have been working in Indian, can apply for a dependent-visa to Taiwan. However, because of the professional and language barriers, female migrants rarely acquire new careers in Taiwan, experiencing of downward mobility in migration process.

Females who come from different socioeconomic classes and working backgrounds have different perceptions toward house-keeping activities; males and females migrants have drastic experiences in their daily lives due to various gender-dependent and class-dependent factors. Compared to male interviewees, all the female interviewees admitted to facing more difficulties in their everyday lives due to language barrier in the receiving society.

In their social lives, Indian families are able to establish ethnic connections and ties through males in public space. Interestingly, the virtual Indian community formed on the Internet, the interaction in virtual or real space not only preserved the existing regional, urban/rural, caste boundaries in India, but also became a tool for Indian migrants to do boundary work amongst themselves.

並列關鍵字

skilled migration ； Indian engineer ； gender division of labor ； everyday life

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