華越語狀語之對比分析與教學應用

華語及越南語的狀語之間有其差異之處。以越南語為母語的華語學習者，在學習華語時，狀語問題總為難點，以致錯用的狀況時而易見。本論文的研究重點為對比華語及越南語的狀語之類型和語序的異同並探討越南學習者學習華語時，在使用狀語方面所出現的偏誤情形。在前人所研究的基礎上及所收集的中介語語料，先將華語狀語和越南語狀語的類型及語序進行對比分析，再對在台灣某所科技大學攻讀碩、博士學位的越南語為母語背景的研究生進行研究，藉由研究的結果，找出典型的偏誤類型及原因，最後將研究發現運用在實際教學上。本研究發現，越南華語者學習狀語時最容易犯的偏誤類型是錯序和錯序+遺漏等二種，原因分別為母語的負遷移與目的語知識的掌握不足。根據此研究發現，本論文提出華語狀語四個教學階段之建議，包括：第一階段：教出現在主語後的狀語、第二階段：教出現在主語前或主語後的狀語、第三階段：教出現在主語後謂語前的狀語、第四階段：教形容詞或「形容詞+地」作狀語。本論文期望能幫助越南華語教師今後在進行有關此方面之教學時，預測學習者的學習難點，進行針對性教學。另一方面也希望能幫助越南華語學習者，在學習華語的狀語時，有效地克服母語負遷移的影響，降低學習難度，以提升其華語文能力。

關鍵字

狀語；狀語類型；越南語狀語；華語狀語；越南學習者；華語教學

並列摘要

The adverbs in Chinese and Vietnamese are different. The Chinese learners whose first language is Vietnamese, always find difficulties in using Chinese adverbials, and therefore make lots of mistakes in adverbial clauses. This thesis focuses on the comparison between the types and structures of Chinese and Vietnamese adverbials, and analyzes the difficulties and the errors that the Vietnamese students make while using Chinese adverbials. The steps of this research include reviewing previous literatures and research papers, collecting data about learner’s language, comparing the types and structures of Chinese and Vietnamese adverbials, and then conducting the data collecting of Vietnamese graduate students in an Institute of Technology in Taiwan, analyzing the errors made by the students, finding the causes, and applying the research findings to language teaching. Through this research, the researcher finds out that the most common errors made the Vietnamese students are word order and omission. The causes are the negative influence of learner’s first language and the limited understanding of target language. Based on the research that has been done, the researcher proposes four steps of teaching Chinese adverbials. First, teaching adverbials that comes after the subject; second, teaching adverbials that comes before or after the subject; third, teaching adverbials that comes after the subject and before the predicate; and the last step is teaching the adjectival adverbials or the [adjective +地] adverbials. The aim of this research is to assist the Vietnamese teachers of Chinese language to predict the difficulties of the students while studying Chinese adverbials, and using the teaching methodology that fits Vietnamese students well. On the other hand, the researcher hopes that this research will assist the Vietnamese learners of Chinese language （1） to overcome the negative effect of their first language influence while learning Chinese adverbials,（2）to reduce the difficulties of Chinese learning, and （3） to improve their Chinese language proficiency.