水性滲透結晶防水材料對混凝土性能的影響與評估

Evaluation of concrete properties after applying water-based crystalline waterproofing material

戴維庭(Wei-ting Dai)

指導教授 ： 蕭文達 ； 江支弘

朝陽科技大學/理工學院/營建工程系/碩士(2013年)

摘要

台灣位於環太平洋地震帶，地震活動十分頻繁，混凝土結構亦因此不良的環境因素及超額的外力承載，造成結構內部諸多細微裂縫與孔隙的形成，產生無法自癒性的損傷，且常年高溫多雨的亞熱帶氣候，對建築更是產生嚴重的濕氣問題，根據中華民國營建防水技術協進會(WTA)等機構之調查發現，長期以來台灣地區的住宅漏水比例高達90%以上，顯見國內建物漏水問題之普遍與嚴重性。而傳統防水工程之施作或裂縫之修補大多是將防水材包覆於混凝土表面形成防水膜，或是將防水材注射進混凝土之縫隙中，但防水材料並無法改善或增加混凝土本身之抗滲透性及防水性能，且受到多重環境因素之影響，傳統防水之膠結與防水能力，往往因材質劣化而有遞減之趨勢，甚至會從混凝土表面剝離，造成防水功效之全面喪失。經學者研究顯示，「滲透結晶型防水」可有效填充混凝土中之毛細孔隙，提高混凝土之水密性，降低滲透性，更具有獨特的造膜與裂縫自癒機制，使混凝土表面充分凝結，可抵抗水分子的入侵以及不良之環境因素，增強混凝土之耐久性，可有效改善傳統防水膜工法之缺失。
　　本研究採用一系列之力學與耐久性試驗，探討「水性滲透結晶型防水材料」應用於混凝土材料上之效能評估，其中包括強度試驗、耐久性試驗、防水效能滲透試驗、塗布方式試驗等在混凝土試體表面塗布藥劑後之性能評估，經強度試驗結果顯示，各試體在藥劑塗布後約7天即有明顯強度提升之效果，而藥劑齡期約達56天後強度發展即趨於平緩；耐久性試驗方面，各組試體在藥劑塗布後之抗壓強度皆比無藥劑塗布之試體高約20%，置於自來水中與大氣中之混凝土試體平均抗壓強度並無明顯差異，但置於1%鹽酸液中之試體平均抗壓強度略低於前兩者；防水效能試驗結果，試體在藥劑塗布後約14天即可產生明顯之防水效果，且滲透係數約可降低58.3~90.6%，但自14天至56天藥劑齡期間，滲透係數則僅有微幅之降低；混凝土表面硬度試驗結果顯示，各試體在不同藥劑塗布方式下表面平均強度皆較未塗布藥劑時高約6.2%~ 28.8%，強度有明顯之提升，而五種藥劑塗布方式中以試體平躺塗刷方式之提升效果最佳；實際混凝土結構試驗結果，牆面與地面在藥劑塗布後與未塗布前之表面平均強度亦有微量之增加，分別為2.77%與3.75%，以地面之強度增量略高於牆面。

關鍵字

混凝土滲透性 ； 混凝土均質性 ； 防水工程 ； 水性滲透結晶型防水材料

並列摘要

Taiwan is located on the Pacific Rim seismic belt with a high frequency of earthquake occurrence. Due to the unfavorable environment and the overload caused by external forces, many tiny fissures and crevices have been formed within the concrete structures, causing permanently irreversible damage. The Sub-tropical climate, characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, affects architectures with humidity. According to researches carried out by institutes including Waterproof Technical Association R.O.C. (WTA), the leaking percentage of buildings in Taiwan has long since been above 90%, indicating how widespread and critical the problem with leaking in architectures is in Taiwan. The traditional waterproof construction and fissure repairs center mostly on damp-proof membranes formed by waterproof materials on the concrete surface or to inject waterproof materials into the concrete. Nevertheless, the waterproof materials cannot improve or increase the infiltration resistance and water resistance of the concrete itself and are influenced by multiple environmental factors. The traditional waterproof cements and their water resistance have been reduced gradually as a result of material degradation. It can even come off from the surface of the concrete, causing the total disappearance of water-proof effect. According to studies, “waterproofing by crystallization” can fill the pores in the concrete effectively, enhance the water-density of the concrete, reduce the degree of leaking and have the special membranes and self-healing mechanism for fissures, contributing to sufficient solidification on the surface of the concrete and the resistance against water molecules and malignant environmental factors. It also enhances the durability of the concrete and improves the shortcomings of the methods with traditional water-proof membranes.
　　The study applies a series of mechanical and durability tests, researching on the efficiency estimation of “water-based crystalline waterproofing materials (WCWMs)” on concrete materials. The tests include compression tests, modified permeability tests for water resistance, surface hardness tests, durability tests using hydrochloride acid solution and surface hardness tests for existing concrete structures. The compression tests reveal that respective concrete bodies have experienced significantly enhanced intensity 7 days after the medicaments had been coated, while the intensity becomes milder after the full efficiency circle of 56 days has been reached. In terms of durability tests, respective concrete bodies experience an increase of approximately 20% in compressive resistance after the medicaments had been coated, without obvious differences in average compressive strength when placed in tap-water and the atmosphere. However, a slightly decreased compressive strength is discovered when the concrete bodies are put in 1% hydrochloric acid. Modified permeability tests for water resistance reveal that the water-proof efficiency of the concrete bodies has been significant enhanced approximately 14 days after the medicaments had been coated with the permeability coefficient reduced by 58.3-90.6%, while there is only a slight decrease in permeability coefficient between the 14th and 56th day in the full efficiency circle. Tests on hardness of the concrete surface reveal that the average hardness on the surface of respective concrete bodies with different coating methods becomes enhanced by 6.2-28.8%. Among the 5 medicament coating methods, it is the flat-laying brush application method that enhances the most. Tests on actual concrete structures reveal that the surface of the wall and the ground experience a slightly increased average intensity after the medicaments had been coated (2.77% and 3.75% respectively) and the intensity of the ground increases slightly more than the surface of the wall.

並列關鍵字

Water-based Crystalline Waterproofing Material(W ； Permeability of Concrete ； Homogeneity of Concrete ； Waterproof Construction

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