《太子須大拏經講經文》考述－以ДX.285等六殘片與BD.8006號為中心

Research on the Literary Lecture on Taizi Xudana Jing: Centering on Six Pieces, such as ДX.285, and BD.8006

計曉雲(Ji Xiaoyun)

《敦煌學》 34期 (2018/08) Pp. 45-77

摘要

敦煌遺書中共有兩個殘卷演繹西秦．聖堅譯《太子須大拏經》，即ДX.285等六殘片與BD.8006號殘卷。本文對這兩個寫卷的內容、抄寫年代等進行了考察，認為：這兩個寫卷擬題為「太子須大拏經講經文」更為適切，且此二者源自同一部〈太子須大拏經講經文〉於兩次不同講說時的抄本。這兩個寫卷的抄寫時間基本相同，約在公元九到十世紀歸義軍時期，上限為曇曠《大乘百法明門論開宗義記》成書之後，即公元八世紀六十年代前後。太子須大拏本生故事在中土的傳播形式共有五種：（一）義學高僧編纂或撰寫類書、佛經註疏時，節引或概括康僧會譯《六度集經》卷二〈須大拏經〉和聖堅譯《太子須大拏經》；（二）妙聲沙門道綜依據梵音曲調宣唱《須大拏》；（三）須大拏本生故事是唐五代俗講經文、劇本、讚文、押座文等常見題材；（四）印度、中亞、敦煌及中原地區浮雕、壁畫創作時常借鑒這一故事，宣揚布施大義；（五）道教徒編纂經典時化用聖堅譯《太子須大拏經》中部分情節。

關鍵字

太子須大拏經講經文 ； 須大拏本生故事 ； 創作時間

並列摘要

There were totally two pieces of copies of the literary writings of the lecturing on Taizi Xudana Jing (translated by Shengjian in the Western Qin Dynasty) for the public listeners among the Dunhuang manuscripts, ДX.285 (with six pieces) and BD.8006. This essay surveyed the stylistic, the date of writing, and the relationship of these two manuscripts, basing on the previous research. These two hand-copied book should be named as The Literary Lecture on Taizi Xudana Jing. These two manuscripts fragments were separate public lectures based on the same source text of Taizi Xudana Jing, and textual comparisons indicate that they were closely related chronologically, with an approximate date between the 9th and 10th centuries of Guiyijun period. The terminus post quem is ca. 860 CE, when Tan Kuang completed the Dasheng-bai-fa-ming-men-lun-kai-zong-yi-ji. Except that, these two pieces of copies were derived from the same literary lecturing on Taizi Xudana Jing, but they were belong to two different lecturing activities. The Vessantara Jataka of Xudana was very popular in the Chinese Medieval Period, with five forms of dissemination. The first is through the quotations and excerpts of Kang Senghui's Liudu Ji Jing and Shengjian's Taizi Xudana Jing that were integrated into the Buddhist Genus-book by eminent monks. The second is through singing the Xudana in the tune of Buddhist chants, introduced by Shi Daozong, an eminent monk who was better at translating reading of Buddhist Sutras. The third is through the vernacular genres of sutra lectures, theatrical plays, eulogies and sermons commonly seen in the Tang and the Five Dynasties. Fourthly, sculptured reliefs and frescoes in India, Central Asia, Dunhuang, and Central China invoke the story as an exemplum of generosity and moral fortitude. Finally, the Taoist had compiled Taoism books by taking some plots from Taizi Xudana Jing.

並列關鍵字

The Literary Writings of the Lecturing on Taizi Xudana Jing ； The Vessantara Jataka of XudaNa ； The Date of Composition

參考文獻

任繼愈主編 《國家圖書館藏敦煌遺書》，北京：國家圖書館出版社，2008 年。

﹝俄﹞孟列夫、錢伯城主編 《俄藏敦煌文獻》第 6 冊，上海：上海古籍出版社，1996 年。

三國吳．康僧會譯 《六度集經》，《大正藏》第 3 冊。

三國吳．支謙譯 《菩薩本緣經》，《大正藏》第 3 冊。

西秦．聖堅譯 《太子須大拏經》，《大正藏》第 3 冊。