臺灣運動科學界更要講求「精準」

Sport Science in Taiwan Should Be ＂Precise＂

吳昇光(Sheng-Kuang Wu)

《大專體育學刊》 23卷2期 (2021/06) Pp. i-iv

https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.202106_23(2).0000

摘要

當嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）的疫情衝擊世界各國，在2021年5月已有一億六千萬人確診，很遺憾地已有超過三百餘萬人民於疫情中過世，受疫情衝擊最大的國家無論在經濟、政治、醫療體制、人民工作及生活等各個部分受到無情的影響。相較之下，臺灣在此次疫情中，雖受到一定程度的影響及造成部分的不便，但人民生活仍儘可能規律進行。其中臺灣體育運動的賽事在2020年上半年度略受調整或取消，在下半年也逐步恢復正常，幾乎創造了世界奇蹟！在臺灣島內的許多運動訓練、運動賽事、科學研究等依然規律進行，其中在科技部跨域整合的4年期精準運動科學研究案（2018～2022年）更如火如荼的進行。在2021年1月的成果分享記者會中，科技部結合體育署與工業局更提出了前瞻性的做法，將精準運動科學、運動產品與運動產業的相結合，換句話說：將競技運動、全民運動、科學、科技到產業的跨域合作，讓以往運動歸運動、學術歸學術、產品是產品，很難談到這些領域是可以互相合作及溝通來激發出火花外，更將「運動新創產業」的觀念具體引導進來略為保守的體育界。在此同時，過往運動科學的學術成果甚難直接應用於運動場域中，這兩方面似乎有很大的落差；Eisenmann（2017）更大聲倡議應將實驗室內的成果能夠轉譯應用，進而解決運動領域中的相關問題。眾所皆知，美國在運動科學、訓練、產業的國際領先，他們都直接遭遇到「理論與實務」不太能相結合的問題，不少的先進國家同樣面臨類似的困境，甚至也提出許多的研究雖回答問題，但是卻沒有具體提出應用或執行的價值，造成研究者與應用者（例如：教練或選手）的溝通出現問題，無法解決需求者所遭遇的困難以及知識的轉移（Hanson, Allegrante, Sleet, & Finch, 2014; Verhagen, Voogt, Bruinsma, & Finch, 2014）；相對的，臺灣也同樣有類似的窘境，那我們在運動科學學界應當有具體的策略及作法來加以面對之。科學的精準突破來幫助人類有更好的生活：「精準醫學」（precision medicine）的名詞在國際醫學領域中已被提出十餘年，在臺灣則是在2015年成立了精準醫學學會，積極的將「精準醫學」強調於：在針對病人之差異和疾病異質性的特殊考量下，所訂定出來的疾病預防和治療策略，將個別化的醫療（personalized medicine）概念作更一步的解讀。其中將現行的醫學治療多數是針對「標準化病人」所設計，雖然採用這種「標準治療策略」在治療許多病人是成功的，但對某些病人卻沒有效果，因為傳統的醫療模式似乎忽略了病人的個別差異和疾病的異質性（臺灣精準醫學學會，無日期）。近年來精準醫學能有大幅的進展，主因建立於大規模生物資料庫的建立與分析，創新及突破性的科技幫助治療，人工智慧與大數據的深入分析讓我們對於許多疾病能更進一步的瞭解，個別化治療新方法的突破等（Hodson, 2016）。這些改變更可觀察到跨出不同領域相整合的初步價值！雖然國際上迄今尚未有明確的精準運動科學之定義，但科技部在2018年春季首度提出「精準運動科學」的專案概念，期望整合體育界、工程界、商業界等專家以達到突破性的進展，藉由政府的力量來促成運動科學與產業的結合。其中共計40個整合團隊提出申請，最終有8個入選的團隊針對棒球、羽球、桌球、舉重、自行車進行跨領域整合研究，包括運動科學、大數據、物聯網、醫學工程、物理治療等專家跨領域合作，更是臺灣破天荒的首度使用「精準」的概念於運動科學領域之中，並強調理論與實務應用的結合！雖然只有施行兩年多的時間，但初步的成效似乎達到預期的目標：許多研究的成果是能夠達到應用的價值，並能真正應用於專項運動選手及民眾之中，甚至可以創造出臺灣在「專項運動」的產業價值，讓運動科學、科技的結合來發展是特定性及新創性的運動產業；未來臺灣在運動科學的產業走上國際化也見到初步的曙光，甚至跨出臺灣的國際合作也不再遙不可及。整體上，這樣的方向是對的，但要如何繼續堅持下去，則需要政府相關部門及跨領域的倡導者帶領學術者及應用者繼續合作下去，並能提供適度的資源加以扶植，逐漸將精準化的運動科學概念與運動產業建立起來，並將運動科學發現能有實際的應用價值。期望土法煉鋼不再是常態：當研究若無法被應用，當運動科學研究無法讓教練與選手理解，當運動科學及科技無法有實質的產品或成果，這些皆是我們在運動科學學界常聽到的批評與質疑？當運動科學家能夠多進行以人為中心及其需求的應用研究，若科學家能建立與選手及教練的對話，彼此信任，我們真的能做改變及突破完成一些不一樣的研究（Eisenmann, 2017）。當過往科學家批評運動訓練的「土法煉鋼」時，但科學家真的能發展出具有科學依據且可實用的研究嗎？所做出來的研究成果除建立知識及發表在專業期刊上，可否讓選手及教練懂得應用及建立基本概念，落實以科學證據為導向的練習（evidence-based practice），讓選手或教練不再只是用土法煉鋼及苦練的方法嗎？同樣的，運動訓練的精準化與科學化也是未來要繼續強化的方向，更有效率的訓練方法能夠建立外，也能減少選手運動傷害的發生（Hanson et al., 2014）。期望未來《大專體育學刊》能在每篇文章的內文中增加研究應用的簡短章節，讓未具太強學術基礎的實做者，也能從閱讀每篇文章中得到精髓性的應用價值與意義，逐漸將之實際執行在其訓練之中，以串起理論與實務的差距。

並列摘要

When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raged around the world, over 160 million people were infected, and sadly over 3 million people passed away by May 2021. Many countries' economies, politics, jobs, and citizens' lives were traumatized without mercy. Although certain daily activities met inconveniences in Taiwan, most people still lead relatively unchanged lives. Local sporting events in early 2020 that had been postponed or cancelled were gradually resumed after mid-2020, creating a Taiwan miracle. Around the island, many sporting events and scientific research activities are now running smoothly and regulated systematically. Among which, the cross-boundary integration of the 4-year Precision Sports Project (2018–2022) is the one overseen by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). In the January 2021 press conference, the MOST, along with the Sports Administration, Ministry of Education and Industrial Development Bureau, Ministry of Economic Affairs jointly proposed a prospective plan that is ＂Integrating precision sport science with sporting products and industry.＂ In other words: a cross-domain collaboration between Competitive Athletics, Sport for All, Sport Science, Sport Technology and the Sporting Industry, a drastic change from the tradition, where these independent studies are hard to integrate with each other. This leap physically introduced ＂Sport Startup Industry＂ to an otherwise conservative sporting community. At the same time, difficulties tracing back to past sport science research that failed to apply directly to the sport fields due to the extreme gaps between the 2 items. Eisenmann (2017) urged the plausibility of laboratory findings for successful translation to application in the field. USA, the leading power in sport science, training and industry, has long been stuck in the conundrum of theory inadaptable to practices. Similarly, other leading countries also met such difficulty. In the process of trying to eliminate further problems, conducted studies gave answers, but lack of real execution values. These fruitless studies have caused communication problems between researchers and practitioners (e.g., coaches and athletes), and are unable to solve the problems in demand and knowledge transfer (Hanson, Allegrante, Sleet, & Finch, 2014; Verhagen, Voogt, Bruinsma, & Finch, 2014). Sitting among those facing the situations, Taiwan's Sport Science community should possess physical countermeasures and solutions. Science's Precision Breakthrough Gives Better Lives: The an ＂precision medicine＂ has been coined by the international medical society for over 10 years. Along its rise in popularity, Taiwan Precision Medicine Society (TPMS) was founded in 2015. Regular medical treatment is usually focuses on the ＂standardized patient.＂ Although this is useful for most patients, still there are some who receives slight to no effect due to patient differences and heterogeneity of the disease. On the other hand, precision medicine focuses on establishing illness prevention and treatment procedures based on the patient diversities and heterogeneity of disease, bringing ＂personalized medicine＂ which is one step forward (Taiwan Precision Medicine Society, n.d.). Precision medicine has greater advancements mainly thanks to the establishment of large-scale bio-databases and analytics. Ground-breaking innovations and technology, such as Artificial Intelligence and Big Data have improved our understanding of diseases and allowed breakthrough in individual treatments (Hodson, 2016). Though there is an unclear definition of ＂precision sport science＂ around the world, the MOST proposed the ＂precision sport science project＂ in Spring 2018 to link the sport science and industry business. This project is aimed to unify the experts in Sports, engineering and business communities with government authority. Among the 40 initial entries, 8 research teams with focus on baseball, badminton, table tennis, weightlifting, and cycling were chosen. In the first ever sport science research to implement ＂precision,＂ experts from sport science, big data, internet of things (IoT), biomedical engineering, and physiotherapy were joined forces in cross-disciplinary research. After 2 years of research, initial results have reached the preset goals, with the final results set on being able to directly implement on athletes and public alike. This could possibly give industrial values to specific sports, allowing a highly specific, and innovative sports industry through the joint forces of sport science and technology. The possibility of pushing Taiwan's sport science onto an international stage shines brighter by the minute, with an international collaboration is no longer a dream. After starting off on the right track, government and cross-disciplinary advocators, scientists and practitioners' cooperation along with appropriate resources are needed to further establish the foundations, giving actual application values through scientific findings. Ridding Outdated Ways: Inability to apply research findings, hard to understand research and fruitless yields are the major limitations in the field of sport science. To overturn these prejudices, sport scientists must conduct research with the athletes in mind and apply the protocols according to their needs, gaining trust with coaches and athletes through communications and discussions (Eisenmann, 2017). When scientists criticized the outdated ways of sports training, developing solid and applicable research is necessary. Other than establishing the new facts and publishing ＂presentable＂ studies, guiding athletes and coaches on how to apply these facts, and implementing the evidence-based practices instead of continuing using outdated training methods are crucial. Similarly, precision in sport training is another imperative. Other than establishing an effective method, lowers the probability of sports injury (Hanson et al., 2014). We hope future papers submitted to ＂Sports & Exercise Research＂ journal should include a condensed section regarding the application and implication, giving practitioners without strong academic background easier access to the core values and meanings of each article, gradually executing them in real training to link theories and practices.

參考文獻

Eisenmann, J. (2017). Translational gap between laboratory and playing field: New era to solve old problems in sports science. Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 2(8), 37-43. doi: 10.1249/TJX.0000000000000032

Hanson, D., Allegrante, J. P., Sleet, D. A., & Finch, C. F. (2014). Research alone is not sufficient to prevent sports injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(8), 682-684. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091434

Hodson, R. (2016). Precision medicine. Nature, 537, S49. doi: 10.1038/537S49a

Verhagen, E., Voogt, N., Bruinsma, A., & Finch, C. F. (2014). A knowledge transfer scheme to bridge the gap between science and practice: An integration of existing research frameworks into a tool for practice. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(8), 698-701. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092241

臺灣精準醫學學會（無日期）。臺灣精準醫學學會簡介。資料引自 http://www.tpms.org.tw/AboutUs.php [Taiwan Precision Medicine Society. (n.d.). Introduction of Taiwan Precision Medicine Society. Retrieved from http://www.tpms.org.tw/AboutUs.php]