再製與變異－越南漢傳佛教典籍的轉化

越南與中國之間的往來頻繁，佛教文獻的交流幾乎沒有間斷，除了早期越南曾經有過印度僧人在當地翻譯佛經之外，越南佛教主要還是依靠漢傳佛教典籍。大概到了明朝正統年間（1436-1449）之後越南佛教才開始振興，隨著越南後黎朝（1428-1789）進士梁如鵠（1420-1501）兩次北使後，將刻書技術帶回，才使得越南官方刻書技術漸漸成熟，後來也帶動了各地寺廟的漢傳佛教典籍重刻的進行。然而，這些佛經典籍的刊刻在不同時期有不同的面貌出現，透過觀察其刻書的過程，可以了解漢傳佛教典籍如何適應越南當地人民與社會，以及後來的再製與變異的過程，呈現出越南僧人對於漢傳佛教典籍的轉化，其背後所顯示的深層意義與越南佛教的本土化息息相關。

關鍵字

越南；漢傳佛教；佛教典籍；刻書

並列摘要

Due to the the frequent contact between China and Vietnam, Buddhist texts have been exchanged between the two countries almost continuously. Vietnamese Buddhism has relied almost exclusively on Chinese Buddhist texts, except for translations done in Vietnam by Indian Buddhist monks in the earliest period. A revival began around the mid-fifteenth century, during the Later Lê dynasty (1428-1789), when the Imperial Scholar Lương Như Hộc (1420-1501) brought the technology for woodblock printing back to Vietnam after he was sent on two delegations to China. Following this, woodblock printing was officially adopted, which facilitated the recarving of woodblocks and the reprinting of Chinese Buddhist texts in temples throughout Vietnam. The way these Buddhist texts were printed differed over time. By understanding how the carving and reprinting was undertaken, we can see how Chinese Buddhist texts were adapted by local people and society in Vietnam. Additionally, the process of reproduction and alteration shows how Vietnamese monks adapted Chinese Buddhist texts for their own use, implicating deeper connections with the localization of Vietnamese Buddhism.