亞里斯多德論「幸福」與「友愛」

在亞里斯多德的倫理學思想中，「幸福」（εὐδαιμονία）作為屬人的最高善，始終是其確立人生價值的核心概念。然而在《尼科馬哥倫理學》一書中，第一卷與第十卷中，兩處聚焦在幸福概念上的討論其思路並不完全一致，這一文本張力長期以來引發學界眾多爭論。縱觀全書，對「友愛」（φιλία）這一主題的討論幾乎佔據了五分之一的篇幅，並且亞里斯多德強調，真正的友愛關係只有幸福之人之間才能達到。在理解何謂幸福的問題上，《尼科馬哥倫理學》Ⅰ-7論述的思路以實踐活動為核心，Ⅹ-6則更多是以默觀沉思（θεωρία）為核心，這導致在詮釋上，因為對兩處側重不同，出現了相互對立的兩種立場。然而，對應到友愛的討論中，朋友之間的互動非但是倫理的，也可以是哲學性默觀的，關於幸福的不同理解方向，皆在其中有所體現。因而，本文研究幸福概念，希望不拘泥於傳統上各派立場的爭論，而將友愛這一概念作為樞紐，在把握Ⅰ-7中「功能」（ἔργον）與Ⅹ-6中「默觀沉思」兩個核心概念的同時，藉助對友愛關係的分析，理解兩者在理想倫理互動中所扮演的角色。結合亞里斯多德對人性論與對倫理政治生活的理解，通過其目的論架構，盡可能全面地把握一種包含著友愛的幸福觀，理解幸福對於人的倫理政治生活的實質意涵。作者希望可以通過這一研究，為理解亞里斯多德幸福觀，乃至整個倫理思想，提供新的路徑。

關鍵字

亞里斯多德；幸福；友愛；目的；功能；默觀沉思；政治學

並列摘要

In Aristotle's ethics, happiness (εὐδαιμονία), as the highest good of a human being, has always been the core concept to understand the value of human life. However, according to The Nicomachean Ethics, especially in the first volume and the tenth volume, there are two texts focusing on the concept of happiness which are not completely consistent. This textual tension has long caused many disputes in the academic world. At the same time, throughout the book, discussions on the topic of friendship (φιλία) accounted for almost one-fifth of the space, and Aristotle emphasized that true friendship can only be achieved by happy men. In terms of understanding what happiness is, The Nicomachean Ethics Ⅰ-7 focuses on practical activities, while Ⅹ-6 focuses more on contemplation (θεωρία). Which leads to opposite interpretations because of the literally divergent emphasis on the two places. However, in the discussion of friendship, the interaction activities between friends is not only ethical, but also philosophical and contemplative. Different understandings about happiness are all reflected in true friendship. Therefore, The purpose of the research was to identify the concept of happiness, hoping not to confine itself to the traditional arguments of various factions, but to use the concept of friendship as an axis to grasp the human function (ἔργον) in I-7 and the contemplation in Ⅹ-6 together. In addition, with the analysis of the friendship, we can understand the roles played by the two in ideal ethical interaction. Moreover I will combine Aristotle's perspective of human nature and ethical-political life, through its teleological framework, to argure the concept of happiness that includes friendship and contemplation. I hope through this article, it will provide a new path for understanding Aristotle's view of happiness and even his entire ethical thought.