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  • 學位論文

解芒者之詩:《莊子》調適而上遂之道

The Poem of Mang: The Philosophy of Description and Practice in Zhuangzi

指導教授 : 徐聖心

摘要


本文以「其我獨芒,而人亦有不芒者乎」為啟發,選擇三個並不完美的子題對象。無論是被傳統詮釋視作《莊子》訾議的黃帝、堯、舜等聖王,〈德充符〉中形殘之人與他人的對照,以及在〈應帝王〉收束內篇的渾沌之死,都與所謂至人、神人、聖人等理想有一段距離。固然,如同〈天下〉篇在慨嘆道術之裂的同時,也埋了重返道術的線索,書寫巧妙如《莊子》寫上述幾個對象,亦非純然只有指責,而提供了可能的解方。如聖王如何成為聖王,《莊子》的「德」又藉由何種模式照見他人,而看似最接近古之道術的渾沌緣何落得一死,其死亡又帶來什麼啟示,皆是《莊子》筆鋒顯隱之中悄悄閃現的議題,亦乃本文通過《莊子》特殊的敘事手法所試圖釐清的疑惑。《莊子》一方面明確提示了心齋、攖寧等工夫論,另一方面也綴連一個個故事,透過敘事的編織讓讀者在閱讀中共同參與,在敘事的斷裂與照映之間建立起更為飽滿豐盈的人物圖像與思想實踐可能。同時,《莊子》經常使用的複義結構亦展現於本文題名「芒」字。《莊子》中的「芒」固然有〈齊物論〉昏芒不知方向之意,然亦有〈天下〉篇以「芒」形容古之道術時。值得注意的是,莊子對古之道術的掌握皆以語言的靈動實踐。由此可推知,「芒」不只用以形容《莊子》所欲成就的境界,更同時反映在《莊子》的敘事。《莊子》中屢屢出現的弔詭言論,是其應世的方式,亦是其刻意的書寫策略。這樣特殊的書寫方式,使得《莊子》不少段落詮釋多歧,而留有許多再次解讀的空間。 職此,本文遂欲專注於《莊子》中修道主體的體道敘事,不只老生常談地論述他們如何問道、體道,更要討論《莊子》如何呈現他們的體道過程,並嘗試在對高度文學性的表法中,檢討歷來論者的詮釋,並提供另一種可能的解讀。透過對修道主體之體道敘事的考察,本文除了要在前賢基礎上再次顯豁《莊子》表法的高妙所在,更意圖藉由對表法的說明,一併回應幾個莊學研究的問題。其中,不僅要對卮言、回歸等命題提供另一種可能的解讀,亦要重新擺放《莊子》內部的人物系譜,而藉此衡量《莊子》在思想史中的定位。

關鍵字

莊子 表法 聖王 德充符 渾沌 體道敘事

並列摘要


The dissertation examines how mang (芒) approximates the ideal in Zhuangzi (莊子). Mang is often regarded as darkness. However, mang in Zhuangzi is not merely a word that not only means ignorance but a significant concept that is close to “wander.” While pre-Qin philosophers cling to the belief that dao (道) or ideal being can instruct us, the writing about dao in Zhuangzi is admitted but also doubted. Dao without defect and omission doesn’t exist in experience. It’s beyond description whereas we never understand them without description. To solve the paradox, there is more than one way to reach dao and the paths aren’t straight. I argue that nobody can be determined in Zhuangzi, just like nature is unpredictable. Everyone, whether ideal beings and ordinary beings, has his difficulties and questions; at the same time, everyone has chances to be better as well. The non-straight paths in Zhuangzi are described by words such as mang and panghuang (徬徨). Zhuangzi shows complicated contexts to express such special paths. Therefore, I focus on those “imperfect” characters in the dissertation to discuss how Zhuangzi lets readers understand the insights, practice, or transformation of the remarkable storytelling. Via distinctive expressions in Zhuangzi, we can see through the rhetoric and be allowed to reexamine things beneath the surface.

並列關鍵字

Zhuangzi description rhetoric mang narrative philosophy

參考文獻


一、傳統文獻
漢‧公羊壽傳,漢‧何休解詁,唐‧徐彥疏,浦衛忠整理:《春秋公羊傳注疏》,北京:北京大學出版社,2000年。
漢‧班固撰,唐‧顏師古注:《漢書》,北京:中華書局,1962年。
漢‧許慎撰,清‧段玉裁注:《新添古音說文解字注》,臺北:洪葉文化,1999年。
宋‧林希逸著,周啓成校注:《莊子鬳齋口義》,北京:中華書局,1997年。

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