臺灣鳳梨釋迦開拓遠距外銷市場與產業轉型策略之研究

鳳梨釋迦為臺灣最重要的熱帶水果之一，主要產於臺東地區，因種植品質相當良好，成為臺灣重要的外銷果品，出口值在2020年達新臺幣13億元，為出口值第二大的生鮮果品，並給台東地區的農民帶來豐厚的收益。但因為鳳梨釋迦的呼吸率高，容易後熟軟化，僅有一周以內的儲運時間，九成以上的出口量皆集中於中國大陸市場，若是想銷售至其他較遠程的國家，須採用空運形式，以致價格居高不下，未能有效開拓其他市場。自中國大陸2021年9月20日起宣布暫停臺灣鳳梨釋迦進口後，造成臺東地區農民與當地經濟體系巨大的衝擊，尋找新的外銷市場及輔導產業轉型已成為刻不容緩的課題。本研究透過收集「新採後處理模式」與「主動式氣調櫃的貯運模式」實際遠距外銷的貿易商成本銷售數據，探討鳳梨釋迦出口透過新採後處理模式與主動式氣調櫃的貯運模式在開發不同的遠距市場上是否具有經濟效益，並建構臺東地區之區域投入產出模型與資料庫，評估鳳梨釋迦產業鏈業者拓展遠距外銷市場對台東地區所創造的附加價值與潛在之經濟貢獻。研究結果顯示，如鎖定加拿大為遠距外銷之目標市場，廠商投資新採後處理技術與主動式氣調櫃貯運模式之益本比為1.1到1.5之間，是具有財務可行性的選項，故建議貿易商可透過技術移轉方式取得技術授權，開拓加拿大市場。其次，針對輔導轉型的經濟影響評估，區域投入產出模型之結果顯示鳳梨釋迦產業鏈產值雖僅占臺東地區總產值的2.12%，但附加價值之佔比略高為2.75%，且可提供3.62%的就業機會。另外，面對中國禁止進口鳳梨釋迦的衝擊，研究結果顯示若能採用新技術拓展遠距市場，並同時輔導農民轉作其他作物或轉業從事相關服務產業，將可為臺東地區帶來正向的經濟效益，附加價值從原本減少11.64億元翻轉為增加2.37億元，因此，輔導轉作與開發新市場齊頭並行之轉型策略應為面對中國禁止進口下的最佳因應對策。

關鍵字

區域投入產出模型；簡單區位商數法；成本效益分析；鳳梨釋迦；主動式氣調櫃

並列摘要

The atemoya fruit is one of the most important tropical fruits in Taiwan, mainly produced in the Taitung region because of its adequate climate condition. The quality of the fruit is very good for export. The export values of atemoya reached NTD 1.3 billion in 2020 and became the second highest in the export of fruit products in Taiwan bringing rich benefits to local farmers. However, because the atemoya fruit has very high respiration rate during ripening, it is not feasible to long-term storage and long-range transportation. Currently mainland China accounts for ninety percent of its export volume. All other overseas markets can only be tansported by air and the high shipping costs make atemoya price too high to compete with other fruits. On September 20, 2021, the Chinese government announced the suspension of Taiwan's atemoya fruit imports, causing a huge impact on farmers and the local economy in the Taitung region. Thus, exploring new export markets and assisting with the industry transformation in a changing environment has become an urgent issue for policy makers in Taiwan. In this study, the feasibility of developing a long-distance export market for atemoya was evaluated by field data collected from commercial shipping using new postharvest technologies and the storage and transportation mode of Active Controlled Atmosphere container, and contructing a regional input-output moedel and database for the Taitung region, then evaluating the value added and potential economic contribution to the Taitung region created by the expoansion of the long-distance export market for atemoya industrial chain opeators. The results of the study showed that if Canada is targeted as a long-distance export market, the cost-benefit ratio of investing in new postharvest technologies and the storage and transportation mode of Active Controlled Atmosphere container is between 1.1 and 1.5, which is a financially viable option. Secondly, for the economic impact assessment of the counseling transformation, the results of the regional input-output model show that although the output value of atemoya industrial chain only accounts for 2.12% of the total output value in theTaitung region, the value added is slightly higher at 2.75%, and can provide 3.62% of the employment opportunities. In addition, in the face of the impact of China's ban on the import of atemoya, the study results show that if new technologies can be adopted to expand the remote market, and at the same time, farmers can be counseled to switch to other crops or switch to related service industries, it will bring positive economic benefits to the Taitung region, and the added value will be increased by NT$237 million from the original decrease of NT$1.164 billion. Therefore, the strategy of transforming into other productions and developing new markets should be the best response to the import ban from China.