- 學位論文
社會福利對工資、工時與所得影響之實證研究
The Impact of Welfare on Wage Rate, Market Work Hours and Income—an Empirical Study
摘要
在理論上，Becker(1985)認為在幼兒及家庭照顧上會耗費婦女許多的精力，不過國內似乎較少相關文獻來對此想法做一實證研究，因此本文想要了解托育福利是否可以經由減輕勞動者在家庭照顧上的壓力，並提高勞動者在工作上的努力程度，藉此來對他們的所得產生正面影響，如果托育福利對於所得有正面影響，是從工資還是工時來影響所得，此為本文中的主要目的。 文中使用華人家庭動態資料庫的橫斷面資料及panel data，藉由估計工資、所得、工時方程式來探討各縣市相關托育福利、年齡、教育程度、家務工作時間、配偶收入、現職年資等變數是經由工資或是工時來幫助勞動者，由於家務工作時間跟福利變數為可能之內生變數，而且所用來估計工資方程式時的樣本為有工作者，因此在方法上，採用2SLS(two-stage least squares)並考量樣本選擇偏誤(sample selection bias)之問題。 在估計結果中，本文發現樣本選擇偏誤的情況並不顯著；而福利變數可能為工資與所得方程式中的內生變數，顯示各縣市之福利跟勞動者所得可能不僅是單向的關係，可能原因之一是，人口數較多的縣市因為有較多的稅收，可用於福利的支出也較多，而這些花在各縣市的福利支出可能也對各縣市居民有所影響，因此造成了福利跟所得間的雙向關係。 整體來講，大部分的解釋變數像年齡、家務工作時間、配偶收入、現職年資等對所得、工資都有顯著的正向影響，而且這些變數對於工時的影響並不顯著，所以這些變數可能主要是從工資而不是工時來影響所得。而比較特別的是，配偶家務工作時間對工時有顯著影響，卻對工資無顯著影響，隱含配偶家務工作時間可能是從工時而不是工資影響所得。 而「公、私立托兒所相對收托人數」此變數對工資、所得有顯著負向關係，可能原因之一是，此福利指標高的縣市人數相對少，而小縣市的物價水準可能較低，連帶勞工的工資跟所得也可能較低，因此本文用各縣市福利指標來解釋各縣市勞工的所得、工資所捕捉到的負向關係，有可能是由各縣市物價不同所導致的結果。
並列摘要
According to Becker (1985), married women spend much more time on chores like housework and child care than married men. Hence, women don’t have much time on their work. In this consideration, employers are not willing to pay women an equal earning compared to men with the same human capital. If it’s the case, some welfare like nursing on child care will be able to relieve family pressure and increase employees’ efforts on their work. This paper intends to investigate how the nursing welfare helps employees. In order to investigate whether the nursing welfare has a positive effect on employees in the way of increasing their earning, we uses cross section and panel data from Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) to estimate earning , wage and market hour equations and try to analyze whether welfare and other variables are affecting earning through wage rate or market hour. Empirically, we apply Heckman two-stage estimation and two-stage least squares (2SLS) to correct possible bias in the equations. From the 2SLS estimation, surprisingly, we found that there is negative relationship between the nursing welfare index and the earning. The result may arise from some factors other than welfare because the price level of the country with higher welfare index is lower. The employees working in the country with lower price level don’t have as much earning as the employees living in the cities with lower welfare index. It’s one of the possible reasons to explain the result from the empirical data. Besides, most human capital variables like age, housework, spouse’s earning and tenure are likely to affecting employees’ earning through their wage rate instead of work hour. This implies that employees’ work hour isn’t easily to be changed so most variables are affecting earning through wage rate. Among all the variables used in this paper, we found spouse’s housework hour is the only one to affect employees’ earning through their work hour. In contrast to the other variables, spouse’s housework is the most sensitive variable to affect employees’ work hour. Hence, it is important to consider the factor of spouse’s housework to affect the employees’ work hour.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
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