印尼西加里曼丹省客家乩童的區域特色：以橫屏山的華人認同與空間記憶為中心

本文以印尼西加里曼丹孟加影縣（Bengkayang County）橫屏山〔Pasar Gunung (Bang Phin San)〕的神壇調查，及山口洋（Singkawang）一些特殊神壇藉以參照，增加本研究的田野調查資料，在地理研究上屬於區域地理研究，以存在空間為基礎論述，透過前人研究了解印尼西加里曼丹乩童的特殊性，並且以社會關係來了解當地客家乩童的區域特色，解釋客家乩童儀式所產生的華人空間記憶。以地理學三大傳為統的研究觀點，及空間所產生的宗教現象究竟為何？那為何是這樣的變異，而這樣的區域又有什麼特色，在研究過程中，印尼西加里曼丹橫屏山的乩童，除了保有原鄉傳統的傳承，也已經和當地信仰文化結合，產生在地化、土著化的過程，以當地山為主要調查區域，印尼客家乩童信仰研究為中心，透過紮根理論，呈現印尼西加里曼丹客家民間信仰中乩童和族際的互動，釐清印尼西加客家乩童信仰，再加入其他族群的信仰過程之後，呈現多元族群在祭祀組織、儀式、廟會等面向中的互動情景，最後在結語部分闡釋，印尼西加里曼丹客家乩童構築的多元互動網路，以及形成的交錯互動關係。論文的主體內容，分為三大部分，第一部份，橫屏山當地神壇及其神聖空間，第二部分，印尼國家政策影響下華人和華人信仰的形成，第三部分，印尼客家民間信仰儀式的空間性與區域轉變的展開。而印尼西加里曼丹客家乩童信仰的形成，如此政策影響下的互動，主要在祭祀、儀式以及廟會三個層面展開。其中互動主體，主要有印尼國家政策影響下，印尼西加里曼丹華人和客家民間信仰，包括華人與民間信仰的空間和記憶，這部分內容主要分佈在第三章和第四章；上述分析的基礎上，歸納印尼客家乩童信仰構築的特徵互動，最終形成了華人文化上，多元融合與地域上的空間記憶與認同。

關鍵字

客家；想像；客家乩童；客家民間信仰；儒釋道法巫密

並列摘要

In the study, the temples and altars in Pasar Gunung (Bang Phin San) in Bengkayang County and several special altars in Singkawang, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia were investigated as the reference of fieldwork. It belongs to the research of regional geography, and its basis for discussion is the existential space. The peculiarity of Tatungs in West Kalimantan Province was revealed through previous studies, and the regional characteristics of the Hakka Tatungs there were realized through social relations, explaining the spatial memory of local Chinese generated from the rituals of Hakka Tatungs. What exactly are the religious phenomena generated from a specific space from the research perspective which comes from the three traditions of geography? Why did they vary like this? And what are the characteristics of this kind of region? During the research process, it was found that the Tatungs in Pasar Gunung, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia not only kept the traditions of their native places, but they also combined the rituals with local religious cultures, generating a process of localization and establishment. Taking the local mountains as the main research region and centering on the Hakka Tatungs belief in Indonesia, the characteristics of the Tatungs in Hakka folk belief in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia and inter-ethnic interaction were presented. After clarifying the process of adding the beliefs of other ethnic groups into the Tatungs in Hakka folk belief in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, the scenes of interaction among multiple ethnic groups in the dimensions of worshipping ancestors, rituals and temple festivals were presented. Last, the multiple interaction network established by the Hakka Tatungs in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia and the complex interactive relationships formed by the network were illustrated in the conclusion. This paper can be divided into three major parts. The first part is about the temples, altars and sacred spaces in Pasar Gunung. The second part is about the formation of Chinese identity and belief under the policies of the Indonesian government. The third part is about the spatiality of Hakka folk belief rituals in Indonesia and the development of regional transition. The interaction of Hakka folk belief rituals in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia with government policies was developed into the three aspects of worshipping, rituals and temple festivals. The main roles in the interaction under the policies of the Indonesian government were the Chinese people and Hakka folk belief in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, which included the spaces and memories of Chinese people and the folk belief. The discussions about this are mainly in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Based on the analyses mentioned above, the induction of the feature interaction in the establishment of Hakka Tatungs belief in Indonesia can be made, and the belief finally formed the fusion of multiple cultures and the spatial memory and identity in the Chinese culture.