Sport, Imperialism and the Collapse of the Chinese Empire 1860-1911

西方帝國主義可說是影響中國近代體育運動發展的歷史動力。本論文主要目的是闡述從1860年到1911年西方帝國主義如何影響中國的體育運動發展。本研究從許多十九世紀的報紙、圖片、照片以及文章論述中發現一些體育運動是經由西方人傳遞到中國。在當時許多教會學校認爲西式的軍事操練、體操以及體育運動才是名符其實的體育。因此，本論文的主要論述分成三個部分，第一部份是討論西方帝國主義與中國的體育運動之問的關係，說明西式體育運動如何引進中國並逐漸發展。第二部份是探討中國的身體文化、鍛鍊以及改革，並說明當時的身體文化發展、改革者的身體文化觀、西式軍操的引進以及新式學校體育課程的設立。第三部份批判性地評論教會學校系統如同西方帝國主義的媒介，特別是檢視體育運動如何透過教會學校的系統，扮演傳遞西方文化帝國主義的特殊角色。最後，在結論中統整本文主要的論點後，強調從1860年到1911年體育運動在傳遞西方文化帝國主義的過程中具有重要的功能。

關鍵字

運動；帝國主義；現代中國

並列摘要

Western imperialism may be viewed as a historical dynamic which has influenced the development of Chinese sport. This paper aims to illustrate that the development of sports in China was influenced by Western imperialism between 1860 and 1911. Evidence from nineteenth century Chinese newspapers, pictorials, photographs and essays shows that certain sporting practices were introduced to China by Westerners. Western military drills, gymnastics and sports were adopted as the correct form of physical education in many missionary schools. This paper is organized into three sections. Section one ”Western imperialism and Chinese sport” considers how Western sports were imported and developed in China. Section two ”physical culture, exercise and reform in China” comments upon the development of Chinese physical culture, the ideology of Chinese reformers on physical culture, the introduction of Western military drill, and the establishment of physical education in China's new schools. Section three critically evaluates the missionary school system as an agent of Western imperialism by examining the specific role of sport in the transmission of Western cultural imperialism through the missionary school system. The conclusion draws together the key argument that sport played a central role in the diffusion of Western cultural imperialism between 1860 and 1911.