Modified calcium alginate fibers were prepared by soaking the calcium alginate fibers in aqueous copper sulfate solution. The chemical structures of the modified calcium alginate fibers with Copper ions (Cu(superscript 2+)) were investigated by infrared spectra (IR). The physical mechanical properties, salt resistance, moisture property, antibacterial property, thermal property and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) were also investigated. The tensile strength of the modified calcium alginate fibers reached up to 3.28 cN/dtex, which increased by 25% compared with unmodified calcium alginate fibers. The salt resistance of the modified calcium alginate fibers with copper ions was improved, no gelatin process happened but tensile strength decreased when they had been treated with salt solution. The moisture absorption property and flame-resisting property of the modified calcium alginate fibers decreased, while their antibacterial activities against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli were excellent.