神、佛與日本人 —東京淺草地域的宗教儀式與社會之研究

God, Buddha and Japanese —A Research of Ritual and Community in Asakusa,Tokyo

陳珏勳(Kak-Hun Tan)

指導教授 ： 王梅霞

國立臺灣大學/文學院/人類學研究所/博士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2014.00754

摘要

本論文主要以日本東京聞名之觀光勝地—「淺草」地域為例，來分析淺草人群在日常生活當中對於宗教信仰的概念，以及其所展現出來交織在宗教祭典儀式與社會生活中「神聖」與「世俗」之間的關係。以日本的「宗教儀式」與「社會組織」之關係為研究對象，藉此深入理解日本人對於神、佛之觀念，並探討日本社會文化之特質以及其背後運作之一套獨特的宇宙觀為目的。
淺草是一個既傳統且現代的街市區域，同時又具有十足觀光化的特性，外表既是聞名全世界之東京首屈一指觀光景點，但是另一方面，其內在由於特殊的歷史發展，卻又保有日本傳統的江戶時期村莊具有之獨特人際網絡交往的關係，是一個「人情溢れる町」（充滿人情味）的區域，而由於淺草地域承載著此種雙重兩面的獨特性質，因此其祭典也同時保留著傳統與創新的特質。淺草的傳統之力量起於其自身具有千年以上之悠久的歷史，觀看其從往昔至現今之繁華興盛沒落的交織過往，十足保存與代表著江戶至東京庶民文化發展的記憶及縮影，淺草不僅只是庶民的信仰地，而同時也具有見證江戶至東京轉變的文化、歷史之象徵意義。而其中所隱含之現代社會的人、佛、神三者關係，是圍繞在當地住民、淺草寺與淺草神社之間，呈現出日本文化之獨特性。
本論文透過以淺草為研究事例，筆者認為，當地人對於宗教的概念，顯現出是在生活之中的實踐，神社、佛寺在其日常觀念中，並不是以頭腦深入思考所謂的具有宗教教義的信仰，反而是以身體力行實踐之，且已經轉化成為一種日常的生活習慣，可以稱之為「生活宗教」。另一方面，本論文指出，祭典是日本文化的核心，由祭典作為切入點，是得以深入日本人群團體，觀察平時隱藏於內面之日本人的自我的時機。祭典創造出地緣性之認同的象徵，而使神與人、人與人之間的關係得以互相重新確認共有之一體感。透過三社祭儀式每年重複不斷地舉行，淺草人重新連結起土地與人、新住民與舊有居民的牽絆，藉由祭典的繞境巡町，連結起人與神、人與佛之關聯性。當地人在祭典期間，經由實踐、體驗的一連串過程裡，讓人們理解、經驗身為人，並藉由氏神—氏子、祖孫代代間的聯繫，將人的觀念持續內化到身體之中，持續傳承下來。綜言之，筆者認為日本的宗教祭典儀式不僅只連結建立起同一時空的橫向之內群/外群、町會住民/外來同好會之間交錯的人際社會關係，同時也聯繫了縱向的跨越時間與空間的死者/生者、祖先/子孫以及神、佛與人的關係。

關鍵字

淺草寺 ； 淺草神社 ； 生活宗教 ； 祭典 ； 三社祭 ； 氏神 ； 氏子

並列摘要

This thesis discusses the relation of ritual and community in Asakusa Tokyo, a famous tourist attraction around the world. In the old days, Asakusa had once prospered as a castle town during the Edo period, and later it has gradually transformed into a cultural epicenter. The aim of this study focuses on how Japanese recognize the concepts of Buddha(hotoke/仏/Asakusa Temple) and God(kami/神/ Asakusa Shrine) and how they explain the sanctity and the secularity in their social lives. Through the ethnographic field research of Asakusa, I indicate that the ideas of Shindo(神道)and Buddhism in Japan can be combined to form“lived religion”.
The other part of this thesis is concerned with how Japanese arrange and participate in matsuri(祭). Matsuri are traditional Japanese festivals which in many areas still have the ability to reinforce the solidarity of a local community. This functional aspect is exhibited clearly in traditional community like Asakusa. This study analyzes the ritual of a shrine matsuri in order to reveal both the compatibility and conflicts among different groups of people in the modern metropolitan festival in Asakusa. Sanja Matsuri(三社祭) is held at Asakusa Shrine yearly on the third weekend in May and it plays an important role in reconstructing historical memories and strengthening the self-identity of Asakusa. In Sanja Matsuri, the young people from each district proudly bear the mikoshi(神輿)of three patron through all the neighborhoods of Asakusa. In order to understand the differentiation between social groups participating in shrine matsuri, this thesis outlines and illustrates the boundary between the shrine community and outsiders. In addition, further examination of time and spatial orientation, I indicate that Ujiko(氏子), Buddha(hotoke/仏), and God(kami/神) become a unity through Sanja Matsuri.
Finally, this thesis concludes that a matsuri appears to contain both an extremely formally correct, polite side together with a side representing impropriety or disruption of order. When viewing the structure of a matsuri its characteristics appear to involve happy, playfullness, informality and harmony. People construct social relationships and the concept of person by practicing and participating in matsuri. As conclusion, this research points out that Japanese religious ceremony in Asakusa brings together not only, insiders and outsiders but also descendants with their ancestors.

並列關鍵字

Asakusa Temple ； Asakusa Shrine ； lived religion ； matsuri ； Sanja Matsuri ； ujigami ； ujiko

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