基督宗教信念對女性喪偶者生命意義重構歷程之敘說研究

Narrative Research of the Relationship Between Christian Beliefs and the Meaning Reconstruction Process of Widows

伍育英

女性喪偶者 ； 生命意義的重構 ； 敘說研究 ； 基督宗教信念 ； widow ； life meaning reconstruction ； narrative research ； Christian beliefs

臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系學位論文

2010年

博士

田秀蘭

繁體中文

本研究旨在探究女性喪偶者經歷重大死亡性失落後，基督宗教信念如何影響其重新建構生命意義與自我價值的歷程。研究採用敘說研究法，邀請三位配偶過世分別為21、14、8年的女性喪偶者，運用半結構式的訪談大綱，個別進行三次的生命故事訪談。在謹守研究倫理並確保信效度的準則下，透過訪談錄音、訪談逐字稿的謄寫，以及研究參與者的檢核等，形成故事文本。在資料分析部份，則採用Lieblich等人 (1998) 提出的「整體—內容」與「類別—內容」兩種敘說研究分析模式，並結合Ollerenshaw與Creswell (2000) 的「問題解決敍說架構」進行。透過研究者與協同分析者的共同分析資料，呈現最後的研究結果。 研究結果顯示，喪偶女性生命意義的重構歷程，主要是透過其生命中某些核心議題的改變。而三位研究參與者共同皆有改變的核心議題包括 (1) 死亡態度；(2) 親子關係；(3) 自我形象；(4) 與神的關係，以及 (5) 教會服事。死亡態度的改變，是從剛喪偶時，對死亡的疑惑、迷惘，到現今對死亡秉持中性導向的死亡態度，並且希望能健康的服事神。在親子關係上，則從剛喪偶時的自顧不暇，以及權威或掌控的管教方式，到現今逐漸變為民主的管教方式。自我形象的改變，則皆是由負向的自憐、自覺失敗，轉變成對自己有信心的正向自我形象。與神的關係方面，則從剛喪偶時，與神是有距離的，到如今視神為愛她們的父親、朋友，甚至是良人。最後，在教會服事方面，三位研究參與者皆期望能為教會做事。而喪偶女性生命意義的重新建構乃透過二個途徑。一是神藉由他人、夢，以及祂自己或是聖經中的話語，來改變人的負向情緒與負向自我形象。另一則是個人自己藉由 (1) 參與宗教性服事；(2) 內在的虔誠；(3) 宗教性因應；(4) 宗教性社會支持，以及 (5) 靈性，來調適喪偶喪慟。

The purpose of this study was to explore how Christian women reconstruct their life meaning and self-esteem through religious beliefs after conjugal loss. Narrative research method was applied to collect life stories of 3 female participants who have been widowed for 21, 14 and 8 years respectively. Three in-depth interviews, each lasting about 2.5 to 3 hours, were conducted for the participants to narrate their life course thoroughly. The narrated texts were analyzed by the narrative analysis models of holistic-content approach and holistic-form approach, combined with the model of “problem solution narrative structure” proposed by Ollerenshaw and Creswell (2000). Results indicated that Christian widows’ life meaning reconstruction process was manifested through the change of their life core issues. Five core issues that have been changed among all participants were: death attitude, parental relationship, self image, relationship with God, and church service. With regard to death attitude, changes were exhibited from initial confusion to present neutral death acceptance. While for parental relationship, authoritarian parenting style was replaced by democratic parenting style aligning with the growth of the children. For self image, negative self image was substituted for self confidence and positive self image. On the subject of relationship with God, God was perceived as a father, friend and even spouse instead of the previous estranged relationship. As to church service, devotion to the church services was participants’ shared vision. There were two pathways through which Christian widows mightreconstructtheir life meaning. One was that God utilize the persons surrounding the widows, widows’ own dreams, and Himself to change the widows’ negative self image. The other was that the widows adjusted their bereavement by participating church services, being intrinsic religiousness, adopting religious coping, getting religious social support, and being spiritually oriented.

1. 伍育英 (民95)：從治療者如何面對生死議題談靈性治療。諮商與輔導，245期， 2-5頁。
   連結：
2. 李佩怡 (民92)：助人者與癌症末期病人關係歷程之質性研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
   連結：
3. 李雪媛、柯乃瑜、呂以榮譯 (民98)：向生命說Yes！－ 一位心理醫師在集中營的歷劫記。台北：啟示出版。
   連結：
4. 周和君譯 (民97)：合作取向治療－對話、語言、可能性。ANDERSON, H. (1997). Conversation, language, and possibilities: A postmodern approach to therapy.
   連結：
5. 林鳳榆 (民93)：佛教生死服務志願工作者之生命意義追求歷程。國立台灣師範大學社會教育學系碩士論文。
   連結：
6. 張美惠譯 (民95)：當綠葉緩緩落下：生死學大師的最後對話。台北：張老師。KUBLER-ROSS, E. (2005). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss.
   連結：
7. Allport, G. W. (1966). The religious context of prejudice. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 447-457.
   連結：
8. Backer, B. A., Hannon, N., & Russell, N. A. (1982). Death and dying. New York: John Willey & Sons.
   連結：
9. Becker, G., Xander, C. J., & Blum, H. (2007). Do religious or spiritual beliefs influence bereavement? A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 21, 207-217.
   連結：
10. Bell, J.S. (Ed.). (1997). Teacher research in second and foreign language education. [special issue], Canadian Modern Language Review, 54(1).
    連結：
11. Bell, J. S. (2002). Narrative inquiry: more than just telling stories. TESOL Quarterly, 36, 207–213.
    連結：
12. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Loss, sadness and depression (Vol. 3). New York: Basic.
    連結：
13. Bulter, R. N. (1975). Why survive? Being old in America. New York: Harper & Row.
    連結：
14. Burr, V. (1995). An introduction to social constructionism. Routledge.
    連結：
15. Carr, D. (1986). Time, Narrative, and History, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
    連結：
16. Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. 蔡敏玲、余曉雯譯(民92)：敘說探究-質性研究中的經驗與故事。台北：心理。
    連結：
17. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1987). On narrative method, biography and narrative unities in the study of teaching. Journal of Educational Thought, 21, 130–139.
    連結：
18. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1988). Teachers as curriculum planners: narratives of experience. New York: Teachers College Press.
    連結：
19. Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of experience and narrative inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2–14.
    連結：
20. Corey, G.., Corey, M. S., & Callanan, P. (2003). Issues & ethics in the helping professions. CA: Brooks/Cole.
    連結：
21. Cortazzi, M. (1993). Narrative analysis. London: Falmer
    連結：
22. Crossley, M. L. (2000). Introducing narrative psychology: Self, trauma, and the construction of meaning. 朱儀羚、康萃婷、柯禧慧、蔡欣志、吳芝儀譯 (民93)：敘事心理與研究-自我、創傷與意義的建構。嘉義：濤石文化。
    連結：
23. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method
    連結：
24. Davis, C. G.., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 561-574.
    連結：
25. Davis, C. G.., & S. Nolen-Hoeksema. (2001). Loss and meaning: How do people make sense of loss? American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 726-741.
    連結：
26. Davis, C. G., Wohl, M. J.A., & Verberg, N. (2007). Profiles of posttraumatic growth following an unjust loss. Death Studies, 31, 693-712.
    連結：
27. Davis, C. G., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2000). Searching for meaning in loss: Are clinical assumptions correct? Death Studies, 24, 497-540.
    連結：
28. Exline, J. J., Smyth, J. M., Gregory, J., Hockemeyer, J., & Tulloch, H. (2005). Religious framing by individuals with PTSD when writing about traumatic experiences. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15, 17-33.
    連結：
29. Fabry, J. (1980). Use of the transpersonal in logotherapy. In S. Boorstein (Ed.).
    連結：
30. Foucault, M. (1971). The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York: Pantheon Books.
    連結：
31. Frankl. V. E. (1962). Man's search for meaning : An introduction to logotheraphy. Boston : Beacon Press.
    連結：
32. Gamino, L. A., & Sewell, K. W. (2004). Meaning constructs as predictors of bereavement adjustment: A report from the Scott & White Grief Study, Death Studies, 28, 397-421.
    連結：
33. Harding, S. R., Flannelly, K. J., Weaver, & Kosta, K. G. (2005). The influence of religion on death anxiety and death acceptance. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8, 253-261.
    連結：
34. Harvey, C. D., & Bahr, H. M. (1974). Widowhood, morale, and affiliation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 36, 97-106.
    連結：
35. Hayslip, B., & Hansson, R. O. (2003). Death awareness and adjustment across the life span. In C. D. Bryant(Ed.), Handbook of death and dying(pp. 437-447). CA: Sage.
    連結：
36. Hoffman, L. (1990). Constructing realities: An art of lenses. Family Process, 29, 1-12.
    連結：
37. Hollway, W., & Jeffson, T. (2000). Doing qualitative research differently: Free association, narrative and the interview method. London: Sage.
    連結：
38. Holmes, T. H. & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of psychosomatic Research, 11, 213-218.
    連結：
39. Hooyman, N. R., & Kramer, B. J. (2006). Living through loss : Iinterventions across the life span. New York : Columbia University Press.
    連結：
40. Hoshmand, L. T. (2005). Narratology, cultural psychology, and counseling research. Journal of counseling psychology, 52(2), 178-186.
    連結：
41. Idler, E. L., Musick, M.A., Ellison, C. G., George, L. K., Krause, N., Ory, M. G., et al. (2003). Measuring multiple dimensions of religion and spirituality for health research: Conceptual background and findings from the 1998 General Social Survey. Research on Aging, 25, 327-365.
    連結：
42. Jalongo, M. R., & Isenberg, J. P. (1995). Teachers stories: from personal narrative to professional insight. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
    連結：
43. Kelly, G. A. (1991). The psychology of personal constructs. Vol. I- A theory of personality. London：Routledge.
    連結：
44. Klapper, J., & Rubinsten, R. L. (1994). The social context of grief among adult daughters who have lost a parent. Journal of Aging Studies, 8(1), 29-43.
    連結：
45. Lang, F. R., & Carstensen, L. L. (2002). Time Counts: Future Time Perspective, Goals, and Social Relationships. Psychology and Aging, 17, 125–139.
    連結：
46. Lester, D. (1969). The fear of death and the fear of dying. The Journal of Psychology, 12, 12.
    連結：
47. Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141–148.
    連結：
48. Lopata, H. (1996). Current widowhood: Myths and realities. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage Publications.
    連結：
49. MacIntyre, A. (1981). After virtue: A study in moral theory. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
    連結：
50. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1999). Designing qualitative research. CA : Sage.
    連結：
51. Murphy, S. A., Johnson, L. C., & Lohan, J. (2003). Finding meaning in a child’s violent death: A five-year prospective analysis of parents’ personal narrative and empirical data. Death Studies, 27, 381-404.
    連結：
52. Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 55-67.
    連結：
53. Neimeyer, R. A. (1999). Narrative strategies in grief therapy. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 12, 65-85.
    連結：
54. Neimeyer, R. A. (2005). Grief, loss, and the quest for meaning: Narrative contributions to bereavement care. Bereavement Care, 24, 27-30.
    連結：
55. Onrust, S. A., & Cuijpers, P. (2006). Mood and anxiety disorders in widowhood: A systematic review. Aging & Mental Health, 10(4), 327-334.
    連結：
56. Ollerenshaw, , J. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2000). Data analysis in narrative research: A comparison of two “restorying” approaches. Paper presented at the Annual American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
    連結：
57. Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York: Guilford Press.
    連結：
58. Park, C. L. (2005b). Religion as a meaning-making framework in doping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 707-729.
    連結：
59. Park, C. L. (2006). Religiousness and religious coping as determinants of stress-
    連結：
60. Park, C. L., & Cohen, L. H. (1993). Religious and nonreligious coping with the death of a friend. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 561-577.
    連結：
61. Pearce, M. J., Chen, j., Silverman, G. K., Kasl, S. V., Rosenheck, R., & Prigerson, H. G. (2002). Religious coping, health, and health service used among bereaved adults. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 32, 179-199.
    連結：
62. Pinneger, S., & Daynes, J. G. (2006). Locating narrative inquiry historically: Thematics in the turn to narrative. In D. J. Clandinin ( Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    連結：
63. Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 137–145.
    連結：
64. Rando, T. A. (1993). Treatment of complicated mourning. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
    連結：
65. Romanoff, B. D., & Terenzio, M. (1998). Rituals and the grieving process. Death Studies, 22, 697-711.
    連結：
66. Runyan, W. M. C. (1984). Life histories and psychobiography: Explorations in theory and method. New York: Oxford University Press.
    連結：
67. Sanders, C. M. (1989). Grief: The mourning after. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    連結：
68. Sarbin, T. R. (Ed.).(1986). Narrative psychology : The storied nature of human conduct. New York: Praeger Publishers.
    連結：
69. Schon, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action, New York: Basic Books.
    連結：
70. Schuchter, S. (1986). Dimensions of grief: Adjusting to the death of a spouse. San Francisco: Jossey –Bass.
    連結：
71. Spence, D. P. (1982). Narrative truth and historical truth: Meaning and interpretation in psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
    連結：
72. Spence, D. P. (1986). Narrative smoothing and clinical wisdom. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp.211-232). New York: Praeger.
    連結：
73. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The Dual Process Model of coping with bereave¬ment: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 197-224.
    連結：
74. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2001a). Meaning making in the dual process model. In
    連結：
75. R, Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (pp.55-73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    連結：
76. Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2001b).Models of coping with bereavement: A review.
    連結：
77. American Psychological Association.
    連結：
78. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18.
    連結：
79. Tolstikova, K., Fleming, S.,& Chartier, B. (2005). Grief, complicated grief, and trauma: The role of the search for meaning, impaired self-reference, and death anxiety. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 13, 293-313.
    連結：
80. Ungar, L., & Florian, V. (2004). What helps middle-aged widows with their psychological and social adaption several years after their loss? Death Studies, 28, 621- 642.
    連結：
81. Uren, T. H., & Wastell, C. A. (2002). Attachment and meaning-making in perinatal bereavement. Death Studies, 26, 279-308.
    連結：
82. Walter, C. (2003). The loss of a life partner: Narratives of the bereaved. New York: Columbia University Press.
    連結：
83. Webster, L., & Mertova, P. (2007). Using narrative inquiry as a research method: An introduction to using critical event narrative analysis in research on learning and teaching. New York: Routledge. ﹝On-line﹞. Available at
    連結：
84. Weizman, S. G., & Kamm, P. (1985). About mourning: Support and guidance for the bereaved. New York: Human Sciences Press.
    連結：
85. Worden, J. W. (1982). Grief counseling and grief therapy. London and New York: Tavistock Publications.
    連結：
86. Worden, J. W. (1991). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practioner (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
    連結：
87. Wortman, J. H., & Park, C. L. (2008). Religion and spirituality in adjustment following bereavement: An integrative review. Death Studies, 32, 703-736.
    連結：
88. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
    連結：
89. Yoder-Wise, P.S., & Kowalski, K. (2003). The power of storytelling. Nursing Outlook, 51, 37–42.
    連結：
90. 一、 中文文獻
91. 內政部戶政司統計資料 (民99)：婚姻型態變遷分析。內政部網站： http://www.ris.gov.tw. 檢索日期： 民98.05.01。
92. 方蕙玲譯 (民86)：宗教的死亡藝術－世界各宗教如何理解死亡。台北：東大。
93. KRAMER, K. (1988). The sacred art of dying：How world religious understand death。
94. 吳芝儀 (民94)：敍事研究的方法論探討。載於齊力、林本炫 (主編)，質性研究方法與資料分析，頁145-188。嘉義：南華大學教社所。
95. 吳獻章 (民93)：聖經真密碼：啟示錄新解。台北：中華福音神學院。
96. 李佩怡 (民91)：失落與悲傷。載於林綺雲(主編)，生死學，頁311-348。
97. 李淑君譯 (民93)：道別之後。台北：張老師。MENTEN, T. (1994). After goodbye: How to begin again after the death of someone you love.
98. 易之新譯 (民91)：敍事治療－解構並重寫生命的故事。 FREEDMAN, J., & Combs, G. (1999). Narrative therapy.
99. 林娟芬 (民88)：婦女晚年喪偶事件之研究。香港中文大學社會福利研究所博士 論文。
100. 胡幼慧、姚美華 (民85)：一些質性方法上的思考：信度與效度？如何抽樣？如何蒐集資料、登錄與分析？載於胡幼慧 (主編)，質性研究—理論、方法及本土女性研究實例，頁141-170。台北：巨流。
101. 高淑清 (民97)：質性研究的18堂課 : 揚帆再訪之旅。高雄：麗文文化。
102. 馬有藻 (民88)：祝福或咒詛：苦難神學初探。台北：天恩。
103. 章薇卿譯 (民96): 走在失落的幽谷－悲傷因應指引手冊。NEIMEYER, R. A. (1998). Lessons of loss : A guide to coping.
104. 尉遲淦 (民92)： 生死學概論。台北：五南。
105. 陳柏安譯 (民82)：今日基督教教義。香港：基道書樓。McGRATH, A. (1990). Understanding doctrine：Its purpose and relevance for today。
106. 張文初 (民85)：死之默想。台北：新視野。
107. 張春興 (民80)：現代心理學。台北：東華。
108. 張淑美 (民85)：死亡學與死亡教育。高雄：復文。
109. 葛培理 (民79)：如何面對死亡。香港：浸信會出版社。
110. 游恆山譯 (民80)。生存的理由：與心靈對話的意義治療學。台北：遠流。FRANKL, V. E. (1986). The doctor and the soul.
111. 黃雅文、張乃心、蕭美慧、林泰石、林珊吟、范玉玟、賴彥君譯 (民95)：生命教育：生死學取向。台北：五南。
112. 潘淑滿 (民92)：質性研究：理論與應用。台北：心理。
113. 鄭曉江編 (民93)：宗教生死書。台北：華成。
114. 橄欖翻譯小組 (民77)：死－怎麼回事？台北：橄欖。RAWLINGS, M. (1978). Beyond death’s door。
115. 二、 英文文獻
116. Attig, T. (1996). How we grieve: Relearning the world. New York: Oxford University Press.
117. Attig, T. (2000). The heart of grief: Death and search for lasting love. New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press.
119. Bruner, J. (2004). The narrative creation of self. In L. Angus & J. Mcleod (Eds.). The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: Practice, theory and research (pp. 3-14).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
120. Cook, A. S., & Oltjenbrun, K. A. (1998). The bereaved family. In A. S. Cook & K. A. Oltjenbrun (Eds.), Dying and grieving: Life span and family perspectives. (pp. 91-115). Texas: Harcourt Brace.
121. Cornett, C. (1998). The soul of psychotherapy. New York: Free Press.
122. Corr, C. A., Babe, C. M., & Corr, D. M. (1997). Death and dying, life and living. (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
123. Corr, C. A., Babe, C. M., & Corr, D. M. (2003). Death and dying, life and living. (4th ed.). CA: Thomson
124. approach (2nd ed.). CA: Sage.
125. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
126. Davis, C. G.. (2008). Redefining goals and redefining self: A closer look at posttraumatic growth following loss. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice (pp. 511-530). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
127. Eliason, G. T., Lepore, M., & Myer, R. (2008). The historical advancement of grief counseling. In A. Tomer, G. T. Eliason, & P. T. P. Wong (Eds.), Existential and spiritual issues in death attitudes (pp. 417-437). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
128. Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
129. Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed: A review. New York: Norton.
130. Transpersonal psychotherapy. Plao Alto, CA: Science and Behavior books.
131. Gadamer, H. G. (1994). Truth and method (J. Weinsheimer & D. G. Marshall, Trans.). (2nd ed.). New York: Seabury Press.
132. Goodman, L. M. (1981). Death and the creative life: Conversations with eminent artists and scientists as they reflect on life and death. New York : Springer Publishing Company.
133. Gough, N. (1997). Horizons, images and experiences: The research stories collection. Geelong, Vic: Deakin University.
134. Hansson, R. O., & Stroebe, M. S. (2007). Bereavement in late life: Coping, adaptation, and developmental influences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
135. Humphrey, G. M., & Zimpfer, D. G. (1996). Counseling for grief and bereavement. London: Sage.
136. Josselson, R. (1996). Ethics and process in the narrative study of lives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
137. Kastenbaum, R. J. (1998). Death, Society, and Human Experience, 6th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
138. Kavanaugh, R. E. (1972). Facing death. Los Angeles: Nash.
139. Klass, D., Silverman, , P. R., & Nickman, S. L. (1996). Continuing bonds: New understanding of grief. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
140. Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillan.
141. Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: reading, analysis and interpretation. 吳芝儀譯 (民97)：敘事研究：閱讀、分析與詮釋。嘉義：濤石文化。
142. Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
143. Mertens, D. M. (2005). Research and evaluation in education and psychology. CA : Sage.
144. Mikulincher, M., & Florian, V. (2006). The complex and multifaceted nature of the fear of personal death: The multidimensional model of Victor Florian. In A. Tomer, P. T. P. Wong, & E. Grafton (Eds.). Death attitudes: Existential & spiritual issues. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
145. Murray, M. (2003a). Narrative psychology. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research method. 丁興祥等譯 (民95)：質性心理學。台北：遠流。
146. Nadeau, J. W. (2008). Meaning-making in bereaved family: Assessment, intervention, and future research. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice (pp. 511-530). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
147. Neimeyer, R. A. (1998). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. New York: McGraw-Hill.
148. Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2001). Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss. Wash¬ington, DC: American Psychological Association.
149. Neimeyer, R. A. (2002a). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping (2nd ed.). New York: Brun¬ner Routledge.
150. Neimeyer, R. A., & Gamino, N. A. (2003). The experience of grief and bereavement. In C. D. Bryant (Ed.), Handbook of death and dying (pp. 847-854). CA: Sage.
151. Neimeyer, R. A., & Levitt. (2001). Coping and coherence: A narrative perspective on resilience. In R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping and copers: Adaptive process and people. New York: Oxford University Press.
152. Neimeyer, R. A., & Mahoney, M. J. (1995). Construction in psychotherapy. Wash¬ington, DC: American Psychological Association.
153. Nichols, M, P. (2007). The essentials of family therapy. Boston : Pearson.
154. Osterweis, W., Solomon, F., & Green, M. (Eds.). (1984). Bereavement: Reactions, consequences, and care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
155. related growth. Archive for the Psychology of Religion/Archiv fur Religionspychologie, 28, 287-302.
156. Parkes, C. M., & Weiss, R. (1983). Recovery from bereavement. New York: Basic Books.
157. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd.). 吳芝儀、李奉儒譯 (民84)：質的評鑑與研究。台北：桂冠。
158. Polkinghorne, D.E. (1988). Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
159. Rando, T. A. (1995/1998). Grief and mourning: Accommodating to loss. In H. Wass & R .A. Neimeyer (Eds.), In dying: Facing the fact (3rd ed.). Wash¬ington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
160. Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. 王勇智、鄧明宇譯 (民92)：敘說分析。台北：五南。
161. Richards, P. S., & Bergin, A. E. (1997). A spiritual strategy for counseling and psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
162. Ricoeur, P. (1984). Time and narrative (K. McLaughlin & D. Pellauer, Trans.; Vol. 1). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
163. Ricoeur, P. (1988). Time and narrative (K. McLaughlin & D. Pellauer, Trans.; Vol. 3). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
164. Romanoff, B. D. (2001). Research as therapy. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning resconstruction & the experience of loss (pp. 245-257). Wash¬ington, DC: American Psychological Association.
165. Sanders, C. M. (1992). Surviving grief and learning to live again. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
166. Schildhaus, W. K. (1997). Marital adaptation and growth after the death of a child. Unpublished master’s thesis, Boston University, Boston.
167. Shuchter, C., & Zisook, S. (1993). The course of normal grief. In M. Strobe, W. Strobe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention. (pp. 23-43). New York: Cambridge University Press.
168. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, W. Stroebe, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of
169. bereavement: Consequences, coping, and care (pp.375-403).Washington, DC:
170. Sundell, S. E. (1998). An investigation of parental bereavement: health promoting factors in bereavement outcome. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minnesota.
171. http://www.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?ID=91822
172. Westberg, G. (1971). Good grief. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
173. Wolfelt, A. D. (2005). Companioning the bereabved: A soulful guide for counselors and cargivers. Fort Collins, CO: Companion Press.
174. Wong, P. T. P. (2006). A brief manual for meaning-centered counseling. Langley, BC: International Network on Personal Meaning (INPM) Press, & The Meaning-Centered Counseling Institute, Inc.
175. Wong, P. T. P. (2008). Meaning management theory and death acceptance. In A. Tomer, G. T. Eliason, & P. T. P. Wong (Eds.), Existential and spiritual issues in death attitudes (pp. 65-87). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
176. Wong, P. T. P., Reker, G. T., & Gesser, G. (1994). Death attitude profile-revised: A multidimensional measure of attitudes toward death. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Death Anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application. (PP. 121-148). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
177. Worden, J. W. (2002). Grief counseling and grief therapy. (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.

1. 陳采熏(2012)。逝者真的已矣？青壯年喪偶者與逝者持續性連結經驗之研究。交通大學教育研究所學位論文。2012。1-109。 
2. 白嘉玲(2010)。不同背景變項的單身成人依附風格、宗教認同態度和人際親密能力之關係研究。臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士班學位論文。2010。1-152。
3. 簡宇卿(2011)。諮商師宗教信仰與助人專業 的衝突與因應經驗探討。臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系學位論文。2011。1-190。