佛教生死服務志願工作者之生命意義追求歷程

Courses of the Buddhistic volunteers for Life and Death Service finding the meaning of life

林鳳榆

指導教授 ： 李明芬

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/社會教育學系/碩士(2003年)

摘要

本研究期待透過生死服務志願工作者諸多慈悲觀照的體現，以及深入了解其生命經驗的再現與生命意義感的轉化過程，突破傳統中國社會對死亡的迷思，鼓勵國人體驗生命最深層之終極意義，開展生死智慧，因之，本研究欲達成之研究重點如下：
一、 影響個人成為生死服務志願工作者之影響因素。
二、 生死服務志願工作者在服務過程中的經驗與體悟。
三、 生死服務志願工作者投入前後之轉變。
四、 生死服務志願工作者期待給予社會大眾之啟示。
基於前述之研究重點，本研究運用質性研究之深度訪談法，在訪問四位佛教生死服務志願工作者之後，所得到的結論如下：
一、 生命意義的探詢有其時間先後順序，並且每個階段性的目標不同，一旦開始之後，就會持續不斷進行。
二、 人生受苦經驗的詮釋，端看個體是否會提出「積極面」的問題。
三、 宗教信仰實為現階段科學之外，足以克服人類生死問題的解脫之道，亦是生死服務志願工作者持續奉獻的高度精神力量。
四、 站在死亡第一線，是最直接傳遞死亡震撼給生死服務志願工作者的方式，並藉此讓志工重新定義生死。
五、 學中做，做中學，遇到問題再尋求解答，就是志工們最實際的服務表現。
根據研究結論，本研究提出以下建議：
一、針對生死教育相關實務工作所提之建議
1. 機會教育的重要。
2. 鼓勵分享，重視「感染力」的威力。
3. 學中做，做中學。
4. 協助提問「好問題」，再給予正向思考。
5. 透過描述「死後的世界」來提升個人對於死亡恐懼的免疫力。
二、後續相關研究方法之建議
1. 嘗試針對不同團體背景之志願服務工作者為研究對象。
2. 嘗試針對其他志願服務類型之志工為研究對象。
3. 建議深入研究「重要他人」對志工探詢生命意義感之影響。
4. 建議比較不同性別、婚姻狀態、家庭型態等變項對志工從事助念服務之影響。

關鍵字

生死教育 ； 生命意義 ； 志願服務 ； 助念

並列摘要

This research expects, through the sympathetic experiences of the volunteers for Life and Death Service, the deeply understanding in the representation of the life experiences, and the transformation of life attitude, to surmount the misunderstanding of death in the traditional Chinese society, to encourage the compatriot to experience the ultimate meaning of the life deeply, and to develop the intelligence of life and death.

Therefore, the main points of this research are as following:
1. The factors that influences the individual to be a volunteer for Life and Death Service
2. The experiences and the realization that the volunteers for Life and Death Service gain during the process of offering the service.
3. The difference between the volunteers for Life and Death Service devoted themselves before and after.
4. The inspiration that the volunteers for Life and Death Service expect to provide to the public.

Based on these above main points, this research adopted the in-depth interview in the qualitative research methods. After four Buddhist who dedicated themselves to Life and Death Service was interviewed, there are some conclusions as following:
1. The exploration of life meaning is in sequence, and the tasks in each stage are absolutely different. Once it starts, it will proceed continuously.
2. The explanation of the suffering experiment in life is depended on whether the individual provides the 「positive」questions.
3. The religion now is not only a solution to overcome life and death of human beings besides the science, but also is the power in spirit that makes the volunteers for Life and Death Service devoted themselves constantly.
4. At the first line, to face death delivers the shock of death to the volunteers for Life and Death Service most directly. It leads the volunteers to re-define the meaning of life and death.
5. Learning by doing, doing by learning, and seeking the answers while meeting the questions, are the practical performance of the volunteers’ service.

According to these conclusions, this research suggests that:
1. The importance of the opportunity education.
2. Encourage to share and value the great effect of 「the influence」。
3. Learning by doing and doing by learning.
4. Assist in asking 「good questions」, and then give the positive thinking.
5. Through to describe「the after-life world」, improve the individual’s immunity against the fear of death.

The suggestions for the follow-up relevant researches:
1. Try to focus on the volunteers in the different group background as the participants.
2. Try to focus on the volunteers for other service as the participants.
3. Suggest to study how 「significant people 」 influence on the volunteers to explore their life attitudes.
4. Suggest comparing with how the factors, like the gender, the status of marriage, the family style, influence on the volunteers to devoted themselves to offer the service.

參考文獻

李復惠(民88)。死亡教育的過去、現在與未來。學校衛生，34，69-88。

傅偉勳(民85)。死亡的尊嚴與生命的尊嚴。台北：正中書局。

William, M. R.著，丁興祥等譯(民92)。生命史與心理傳記學---理論與方法的探索。台北：遠流。

Cnaan, R. A. , Handy, F., & Wadsworth, M. (1996) . Defining Who Is a Volunteer.Conceptual and Empirical Considerations.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.25(3) , 364-383.

Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1991). Flow：the psychology of optimal experience. NY：Harper Perennial.