低溫食品3PL輸配送作業服務費之計費模式

低溫食品3PL輸配送作業服務費之計費模式研究生：林樹德指導教授：于鴻福博士國立虎尾科技大學工業工程與管理研究所摘要由於隨著經濟的發展，國人日常生活的步調變得十分緊湊，所以在飲食上，料理簡便的冷凍、冷藏調理食品已逐漸成為趨勢，惟冷凍和冷藏食品之風味與食品之安全和衛生完全取決於倉儲與運輸過程中溫度的嚴格控制，因而肩負低溫食品倉儲和輸配送的低溫物流中心自然成了滿足國人日常飲食所需之關鍵性角色。就開放型低溫食品物流業者 (Third-Party Logistics; 3PL) 之成本結構而言，輸配送作業服務費仍舊是物流成本結構中重要的費用之一；就顧客而言，輸配送作業服務費乃其重要的管銷費用。因此，計費方式的合理性，會直接影響到營運獲利，故如何建構合理的輸配送作業服務費之計費模式，是低溫食品3PL應列為營運規劃中的重點項目之一。本研究之目的有三，第一項是要瞭解國內低溫物流輸配送作業項目和內容，第二項是要探討國內低溫物流輸配送作業之計費模式，第三項則是要探討影響國內低溫物流輸配送作業之計費模式之因素及影響程度。研究設計流程共分兩階段進行，第一階段是透過問卷調查方式，調查目前國內低溫食品3PL輸配送作業項目與內容、輸配送作業服務計費模式，以及影響輸配送作業之計費模式之因素及影響程度，因國內低溫食品3PL之輸配送是以多目標市場經營為導向，其輸配送計價模式會隨著營運模式而有所不同，為了清楚界定輸配送之服務型態，本研究則依樣本公司之目標市場類別將樣本公司劃分為B2B(共計有六家)、B2C&C2C(共計有兩家)、綜合型(共計有一家)三個群組，以進行資料分析。第二階段採專家深度訪談方式進行，將問卷分析所得到的初步結果，借助專家深度訪談進一步得到驗證，以瞭解各結果之合理性與成因。研究結果顯示，三個群組類別(B2B、B2C&C2C與綜合型)業者在輸配送主要計費模式之項目中，則以「貨品材積」、「貨品重量(含包材重量)」做為輸配送主要計費模式之基準。在影響輸配送作業計費模式因素方面，三個群組類別業者看法不同，B2B業者認為「顧客與業者長期配要求程度」與「油價」之因素影響最大；B2C&C2C業者認為「人車管理」、「貨品特性(不耐壓、不可重疊等)」之因素者影響最大；綜合型業者認為「經營者理念」、「顧客屬性」、「顧客與業者長期配合要求程度」、「貨品型式(外形、重量、材積)」、「油價」和「法規限制」之因素影響最大。值得一提的是，在「送貨條件與品質要求」對輸配送作業計費模式之影響程度方面，深度訪談之兩位專家的見解稍有不同，若需求端是以企業為主要對象，此因素對B2B業者會影響較大；若需求端是以末端顧客為主要對象，則綜合型和B2C & C2C業者對「送貨條件與品質要求」會比B2B業者還要更為嚴謹與重視。其次，在「配送時間限制」之影響程度方面，於問卷調查結果亦顯示此一因素對B2B業者影響較大；惟深度訪談之專家卻認為，此一因素對綜合型和B2C & C2C業者之影響較大。此外，雖然「資訊化程度」於問卷調查中之樣本公司皆未認定是影響輸配送作業計費模式之重要因素，但是深度訪談之專家卻有不同的見解。以國內低溫食品輸配送多元化之服務需求發展趨勢來看，B2C&C2C業者和綜合型業者的資訊化要求應更甚於B2B業者；然若從需求端的角度來看，B2B業者的資訊化設備會比綜合型業者和B2C&C2C業者還要來的高。關鍵字：低溫食品、3PL、輸配送作業服務費、計費模式

關鍵字

低溫食品、3PL、輸配送作業服務費、計費模式

並列摘要

Modeling the Charge of Transportation and Distribution Operations for the Third-Party Logistics of Cold Food Student：Shu-Te Lin Advisor：Dr. Hong-Fwu Yu Institute of Industrial Engineering and Management National Formosa University ABSTRACT As with the development of economy, the pace of the daily life of people has become very tight. So in diet, simple-cooking cold food (including refrigerated and frozen food) has gradually become the trend. However, the flavor and sanitation of cold food depends entirely on the control of temperature in the process of warehousing and transportation. Hence, the distribution center (DC) for cold food responsible for the task of warehousing and transporting cold food naturally play a key role in satisfying the requirements of daily diet of people. For a third-party logistics (3PL) for cold food, the cost of transportation and distribution is a major term of the cost structure;moreover, for the clients of a 3PL, the fee of transportation and distribution is one of the important components of their overheads. This implies that whether the charge of transportation and distribution is reasonable or not will have a direct impact on the profit of a DC. Hence, how to construct a reasonable charge model of transportation and distribution operations is an important task in the business planning of a 3PL. There are three goals in this article. The first is to survey the steps and content of transportation and distribution operations of 3PLs for cold food in Taiwan. Then the second is to investigate the charge model of transportation and distribution operations of 3PLs for cold food in Taiwan. The third is to find the factors that affect the charge model and the extent that the factors affect. The research design of this thesis is divided into two phases. The first phase is to finish the whole work stated in the three goals through a questionnaire survey and analysis. Because the goal markets of the 3PLs in Taiwan are not the same, and the charge model of transportation and distribution operations of a 3PL for cold food depends on her goal market, for ease of analysis and exposition, we classify the sample companies into three categories: B2B, B2C & C2C, and Synthetic. The second phase is to conduct an expert-depth interview to justify and discuss the results obtained from the first phase, and then give possible explanations or reasons about the results, if necessary. The results show that “weight of goods” and “volume of goods” are the most important terms contained in the charge model of transportation and distribution for all three categories (B2B, B2C & C2C, and Synthetic). As to the factors that affect the charge model, “long-term relationship between customer and 3PLs” and “oil price” are the most important factors for B2B; “management of vehicles” and “characteristics of goods (e.g. no pressure, no overlapping, etc.)” are the most important factors for B2C & C2C; while, “opinions of boss”, “attributes of customers”, “long-term relationship between customer and 3PLs”, “types of goods (e.g., shape, weight, volume of goods)”, “oil price”, and “restriction of regulations” are the most important factors for Synthetic. It is worth noting that as to the degree that “delivery conditions and quality requirements” affects the charge model, the experts in the second phase have different opinions. It depends on the attributes of customers. The degree is higher for B2B if the clients are businesses; while, the degree is higher for B2C & C2C and Synthetic if the clients are customers. Similarly, “delivery time limit” is recognized as a more important factor affecting the charge model for B2B and Synthetic than B2C & C2C and Synthetic in the first phase; while, the experts in the second phase recognize the factor is more important for B2C & C2C and Synthetic. In addition, although “degree of computerization” is not recognized as an important factor for the charge model for three categories in the questionnaire survey, the experts in depth interviews don’t think so. In fact, due to the trend of developing diverse services of transportation and distribution, computerization is more important for B2C & C2C and Synthetic than B2B; while, from the viewpoint of a customer, it is more important for B2B than B2C & C2C and Synthetic. Keywords: Cold Food, 3PL, Transportation and Distribution Operations, Charge Model