中國語言構音異常的類型（II）

Patterns of Dyslalia in Mandarin Speakers

楊百嘉(Baii-Jia Yang) ； 賴湘君(Shiang-Jiun Lai) ； 廖文玲(Wen-Ling Liao)

《中華民國復健醫學會雜誌》 13期 (1985/12) Pp. 23-29

摘要

本報告收集民國72年及73年的構音異常患者，計74例，其中男性57人，女性17人。年齡分佈由4歲到23歲。構音錯誤的類型，以取代音的比例最多，其次為省略音，扭曲音很少，且不單獨出現。錯誤音的發生率，與發音的方式或位置有關。以發音的方式來看，不送氣斷音較易取代送氣斷音；鼻音的省略在字首很少出現；摩擦音易被同發音位置的不送氣斷音取代；有聲連續音ㄌ、ㄖ不易被他音取代，而是ㄖ被ㄌ取代或省略。以發音位置來看，不同發音位置的音較易以同一發音方式的音取代。唇音不易取代其他位置的音，而齒位音ㄉ、ㄊ及喉位音ㄍ、ㄎ，則常取代其他位置的音。

並列摘要

Four types of dyslalia-substitution, omission, distortion and addition, are common in English speakers.
The purpose of our study is to find the characteristics of dyslalia in Mandarin speakers. The past two years, there were 74 dyslalic patients of which 57 were males and 17 were females. Their ages ranged from 4years to 23 years. Detailed examinations and tape records were taken. The results revealed that substitution was the most common type of dyslalia. Omission was the second one. Distortion was less common than omission and was always found in combination with one of the other types of dyslalia. Addition was not found in Mandarin speakers. There have been instances for each of the 3 types where they occurred in combination with another type, but a dominant type was found in most of these mixed case.
According to Chao Yuen-Ren's classification in ”A Grammar of spoken Chinese”. Traditional Chinese phonology divides the syllable into an initial and a final. The initials are further classified by the 5 types of phonetic manner and 6 types of phonetic place.
The results of our study in substitution and omission reveal some general conclusions according to Chao's classification.
1. The aspirated stops are commonly substituted by unaspirated stops. For example p(ㄆ), t(ㄊ) was replaced by b(ㄅ) and d(ㄉ). The reverse pattern was not found.
2. If the unaspirated stops are wrong , they are substituted by other unaspirated stops in different phonetic places. Aspirated stops also fall into a similar pattern.
3. The fricatives follow the same rule. It is easily substituted by the initials of the same phonetic manner or the same phonetic place under the condition of the substitute being correctly pronounced.
4. The dominant problem found with nasals is omission, but omission itself is not common.
5. The voiced continuant r(ㄖ) is frequently substituted by (ㄌ), if(ㄌ) can be pronounced. If (ㄌ) can't be pronounced, it is frequently omitted.
6. The initials of labial phonetion is easily substituted by each other. It is not possible to substitute initials from other phonetic places. The initials of the phonetic places are also difficult ot replace by initials of labial phonetion.
7. The initials of dental and guttural, such as d(ㄉ), t(ㄊ), g(ㄍ), and k(ㄎ), are the most frequently occurred substitutes.
8. The initials of dental sibilants and retroflexes phonetion have the highest percentage of place error phonetion. The fricative phonetion also have highest percentage of manner error phonetion.