量子力學中觀察者效應的運作原理

本文嘗試破解量子力學背後的機制原理，找出實現瞬間移動的捷徑。科幻故事裡常出現利用機器把物體瞬間傳送至遠處的情節，大量物理學期刊目前正嚴肅地討論如何使用量子遙傳來實現上述科幻情節。量子遙傳（quantum teleportation，大陸譯為「量子隱形傳態」）是一種利用量子糾纏來傳送量子態至任意距離的技術。由於量子糾纏太過詭異，愛因斯坦稱其為「鬼魅般的超距作用」。雖然目前物理學界對量子糾纏仍是「知其然，而不知其所以然」，但已能進行某種程度的應用，就像古人雖不懂火藥爆炸的化學方程式，但知道如何應用於戰場上。依應用的等級來論，量子保密通信屬於量子糾纏的初階應用（難度較低）；量子電腦屬於量子糾纏的中階應用（難度較高）；藉由量子遙傳來隔空傳送物品屬於量子糾纏的高階應用（難度極高）。可想而知，如果我們理解了量子糾纏背後的機制原理，應能找到實現瞬間移動的捷徑。愛因斯坦曾說：「我思索量子問題的時間，是我思索廣義相對論時間的一百倍。」近百年來，各種量子現象被物理學界視為無解難題，至今未見一絲曙光。作者認為，使用量子遙傳來傳送宏觀物體不但迂迴費事，而且毫無可行性，這就是物理學界對於量子糾纏「只知其一，不知其二」的副作用。破解量子糾纏的關鍵在於釐清「觀測」的意義，進而理解觀測者效應（又名觀察者效應）的運作原理。本文嘗試以非傳統的方式來解決難題，並依據學理，提出具體辦法來實現瞬間移動。

關鍵字

量子力學；量子糾纏；薛丁格貓悖論；量子電腦；量子隱形傳態

並列摘要

This paper attempts to unveil the mechanism behind quantum mechanics, and thus to find quick ways to implement instant teleportation. Science fiction often features machines that teleport objects instantaneously from one place to another, and a number of physics journals are now seriously discussing how to use quantum teleportation to achieve these science fiction plots. Quantum teleportation is a technique that uses quantum entanglement to teleport quantum state to any distance. Due to its weird nature, Einstein once described quantum entanglement as ＂spooky action at a distance.＂ Similar to how ancient civilizations were able to employ weapons utilizing gunpowder in the battlefield without fully understanding the chemical equation of gunpowder explosion, the current physics community has also progressed to real life application of quantum entanglement even though their understanding of this subject is still at the ＂observed but not fully understood＂ stage. According to the hierarchy of application, quantum private communication is a first-level application of quantum entanglement (least difficult), quantum computer is a mid-level application of quantum entanglement (moderately difficult), and the transportation of items from one place to another through quantum teleportation is a high-level application of quantum entanglement (extremely difficult). Therefore, it can be inferred, if we understand the mechanism behind quantum entanglement, that we should find a quick way to instantaneously transporting items through space. Einstein once said, ＂I have thought a hundred times as much about the quantum problems as I have about general relativity.＂ In the last century, various quantum phenomena have been considered as unsolvable puzzles, and even today there has been little progress towards solving these problems. The author asserts that using quantum teleportation to transmit objects is not only inelegant, but also the possibility of a successful execution is little to almost none. This is effect of the physics community not having a full understanding of quantum entanglement. The key to unlocking the mysteries of quantum entanglement is to move past the ＂observation＂ stage and perceive the ＂observer effect＂ in operation. This paper attempts to employ non-traditional methods to solve these difficult problems, and use the academic method to put forth concrete methods to implement instantaneous teleportation.

並列關鍵字

quantum mechanics ； quantum entanglement ； Schrödinger's cat paradox ； quantum computer ； quantum teleportation

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