契嵩《孝論》的研究

A Study of Qisong's Xiaolun

廣興(Guang Xing)

《人間佛教研究》 7期 (2016/12) Pp. 11-65

摘要

高僧契嵩（1007-1072）生活的宋初是一個排佛辟佛的年代，許多儒家學者推崇韓愈、效法韓愈，以文排佛辟佛，其中最為代表的是孫復、石介、歐陽修等。契嵩所著的《孝論》就是佛教學者對儒家學者排佛辟佛回應的代表作。契嵩的《孝論》是對前代高僧討論佛教孝道的集大成，他在總結前人討論孝道的基礎上，多次引證儒家與佛教的經典，提出了自己的理論和創見，既有深度又有廣度，而且還具有實踐性。契嵩論證佛教孝道的五個方面：第一，孝是人生的根源與本質；第二，行孝在戒之前，五戒是孝之蘊；第三，佛教之孝為大孝，因為佛教主張以大慈大悲的精神對一切生命，不殺害一切有情生命；第四，以德報恩的孝行，因為色養不足以報恩；第五，僧人行孝以心喪為主。當契嵩的《孝論》發表後，不僅佛教界的人士為之讚歎，就是儒家的學者也受到他的影響。

關鍵字

契嵩 ； 《孝論》 ； 孝道

並列摘要

Qisong (1007-1072) is an eminent scholar monk lived in the early Song dynasty when Confucian scholars attempted to restore the Confucian teaching which was started with Han Yu in Tang dynasty. These Confucian scholars such as Ouyang Xiu and Li Gou, imitating Han Yu, criticized Buddhism from economical, cultural and ethical aspects. Under such circumstances, Qisong wrote the Xiaolun (Treatise on Filial Piety) in order to refute the Confucian scholars' criticism from ethical point of view. The Xiaolun is a synthesis of the teaching of filial piety in Chinese Buddhism. Qisong not only summarized the ideas of filial piety discussed in the previous scholarly works, but also developed his own theory with reference to both Buddhist and Confucian scriptures. Qisong asserted that the greatest filial piety is found in Buddhism. Qisong's Xiaolun discusses the concept of filial piety from the following five points. (1) Filial piety is the root source of human life and human nature. The greatest filial piety is in serving one's parents with sincerity as parents give one's life. (2) Filial piety is the beginning of precepts and the five precepts are the components of filial piety. (3) The Buddhist concept of filial piety is greater than that of Confucianism because Buddhism advocates compassion to all sentient beings including animals with the first of the five precepts of non-killing as they could be our past parents. (4) Buddhism advocates the repaying the debts to parents by leading a virtuous life and teaching the same virtue to all people because supporting and serving parents as advocated by Confucianism cannot repay their debts. (5) Buddhist monks should also participate in parents' funeral ceremonies and perform mourning rituals with an expression of deep remorse of loss in their minds. After its publication, Qisong's Xiaolun won the admiration from and influenced not only Buddhists but also Confucian scholars.

並列關鍵字

Qisong ； Xiaolun ； Xiaodao