摘要
乃瓊靈媒在西藏近代政治史上所扮演的角色無疑備受各方矚目。自西元第十七世紀開始，乃瓊靈媒即開始傳達來自貝哈護法神的訊息，這些訊息往往影響達賴喇嘛的決定及西藏政府的政策，其重要性已至足以左右以佛教僧侶為中心的西藏政治。學界對貝哈的探討大都偏重在描述乃瓊靈媒的活動上，很少見到以文獻為基礎，討論貝哈在西藏歷史上所扮演角色的相關研究。本文歸納、分析西藏史書及宗教文獻中與貝哈相關的記載，梳理與貝哈相關的民間傳說。根據西藏文獻的記載，這位在格魯派政權中具有舉足輕重地位的護法神最初與西藏佛教其實並無淵源。在十一至十三世紀之間的藏文文獻中所描述的貝哈具有隨意變化、示現的能力，經常扮演誤導他人的角色，其本性凶惡，若被觸怒，便可能作出危害他人財產性命之事。原有危害衆生本能的貝哈，可能約於西元十三世紀末年左右開始被視為佛教的護法神。雖然如此，在十七世紀之前，貝哈尚未被西藏的知識份子公認為佛教的重要護法神。貝哈在五世達賴時期移入乃瓊寺，成為國家級護法神。五世達賴喇嘛之後，多位重要人物陸續編寫各種讚頌貝哈護法神的儀軌，使貝哈後來獲得普遍崇信。貝哈角色的轉變顯示西藏佛教容受民間鬼神信仰的包容與彈性。
並列摘要
The Tibetan state oracle gNas chung undoubtedly has played a significant role in modern Tibetan history. Starting from the seventeenth century, gNas chung has been transmitting messages from the guardian deity Pehar that had often influenced the decisions of the Dalai Lamas and the administrative assessments of the Tibetan government. Past researches on Pehar laid particular emphasis on the activities of gNas chung oracle. Few studies have investigated the role of Pehar in the Tibetan history. This article examined and analyzed the depictions of Pehar in the Tibetan historical and religious literature as well as in related stories from folklore. According to narrations in the Tibetan literature, the origin of Pehar has nothing to do with Tibetan Buddhism. In the Tibetan literature between the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries Pehar is usually described as a being that is able to transform itself and very often plays a role of misleading the practitioners. This being with evil nature will bring harm when being offended. Around the end of the thirteenth centuries Pehar was regarded as a guardian deity of Buddhism. Nevertheless, before the seventeenth centuries, Pehar was not yet generally recognized by the Tibetan intellectuals as the most important guardian deity of Buddhism. At the time of the fifth Dalai Lama Pehar moved to the monastery gNas chung and became the state guardian deity. After the time of the fifth Dalai Lama many significant personages successively composed eulogies and ritual texts for Pehar, which brought about a popular cult of Pehar. The change of the role of Pehar in the Tibetan history demonstrates the compatibility and flexibility of Tibetan Buddhism in accommodating indigenous deities and popular cult.
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